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Rosemary [Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)] essential oil has insecticidal properties and is the active ingredient in a number of commercial insecticides. Like other plant essential oils, the chemical composition of rosemary oil can vary based on genotype, geography, climate, and method of preparation. This study explored the relationship between chemical composition and insecticidal activity of 10 commercial samples of rosemary oil, based on laboratory bioassays with two agricultural pests, the armyworm Pseudaletia unipuncta Haworth (Noctuidae) and the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Noctuidae). Nine major terpenoid constituents of rosemary oil were quantified in the samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major constituents were 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene, and camphor; on average 1,8-cineole made up 52% of the oil by weight. Bioassayed individually, camphor was the most toxic compound to the armyworm (LD 50 =189.4 µg larva −1) whereas µ-terpineol was the most toxic to the looper (LD 50 =128.5 µg larva −1). LD 50 values for the ten rosemary oils ranged from 167.1 to 372.1 µg larva −1 in the armyworm and from 58.9 to 335.9 µg larva −1 in the looper. Correlation analysis comparing rosemary oil toxicity to chemical composition revealed slight but significant correlation for d-limonene and α-terpineol in bioassays with the looper but no correlations between constituents and toxicity with the armyworm. An "artificial" rosemary * Dedicated to Professor John Thor Arnason of the University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, on the occasion of his sixteith birthday.

SUMMARY BackgroundAdalimumab is a second generation humanized anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) monoclonal antibody with established efficacy in Crohn's disease (CD).