At site 5 in Modlnica near Kraków, the first settlement in southeastern Poland (Małopolska) with materials of the Furchenstichkeramik type was discovered. the following article presents the results of microscopic analyses of several characteristic forms of vessels. the main objective of the research was to determine the mineralogical and petrographic composition of the ceramic fabrics, identify deliberate admixtures (raw materials), determine their origin as well as to analyse the white material encrusting the pottery decorated with the incised ornament (Furchenstichkeramik). The research indicates significant differences between the technology of production of the analysed materials and the manufacture of pottery attributed to local neolithic cultures. the most essential one seems to be the discovery of volcanic glass in the pottery fabric suggesting that the material may derive from outside the region. These results verify the archaeological typological-stylistic assessment of findings from Modlnica as an assemblage of danubian origin (slovakia, moravia). the results of the research presented below are the first microscopic analyses of assemblages with materials of the Furchenstichkeramik type.
In 2017, an expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the University of Rzeszów (Poland) carried out excavations on a hillfort belonging to the Scythian cultural circle (its forest-steppe variant) in Chotyniec, in south-eastern Poland. The hillfort is the central and most important point of a large settlement cluster, which is the furthest north-western enclave of this cultural circle. In an excavated cult object – the so-called ‘zolnik’ – we made an interesting discovery. Here we show this unique finding for the first time: a Greek wine amphora, from the beginning of the sixth century BC. We were able to explore and reconstruct it almost entirely. Amphora is the only artefact of this type found in the present Polish borders. The amphora was subjected to archaeometric research with the use of PLM, SEM/EDS, TXRF and ToF SIMS. The massive fabric was made of high calcium clay enriched in quartz and volcanic lithoclasts. The lack of chromium and nickel among trace elements makes the vessel different from the amphoras from the Eastern Meditteranean analysed so far, suggesting a specific workshop. Red painting was executed with very fine grained iron compounds predominantly based on aluminosilicates, enriched in phosphorus. Obviously, since it is associated with the presence of Scythians in Eastern Europe, it simultaneously delimits (geography-wise) the borders of Greek influence.
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