Background: The prevalence of childhood obesity is rising and the UK Government have stated a commitment to addressing obesity in general. One method has been to include indicators relating to obesity within the GP pay-for-performance Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) contract. This study aimed to explore general practitioners' and practice nurses' views in relation to their role in treating childhood obesity.

Little research has investigated associations between a combined measure of the food and physical activity (PA) environment, BMI (body-mass-index) and obesity. Cross-sectional data (n=22,889, age 18-86years) from the Yorkshire Health Study were used [2010-2013]. BMI was calculated using self-reported height and weight; obesity=BMI≥30. Neighbourhood was defined as a 2km radial buffer. Food outlets and PA facilities were sourced from Ordnance Survey Points of Interest (PoI) and categorised into 'fast-food', 'large supermarkets', 'convenience and other food retail outlets' and 'physical activity facilities'. Parks were sourced from Open Street Map. Latent class analysis was conducted on these five environmental variables and availability was defined by quartiles of exposure. Linear and logistic regressions were then conducted for BMI and obesity respectively for different neighbourhood types. Models adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, area-level deprivation, and rural/urban classification. A five-class solution demonstrated best fit and was interpretable. Neighbourhood typologies were defined as; 'low availability', 'moderate availability', 'moderate PA, limited food', 'saturated' and 'moderate PA, ample food'. Compared to low availability, one typology demonstrated lower BMI (saturated, b=-0.50, [95% CI=-0.76, -0.23]), while three showed higher BMI (moderate availability, b=0.49 [0.27, 0.72]; moderate PA, limited food, b=0.30 [0.01, 0.59]; moderate PA, ample food, b=0.32 [0.08, 0.57]). Furthermore, compared to the low availability, saturated neighbourhoods showed lower odds of obesity (OR=0.86 [0.75, 0.99]) while moderate availability showed greater odds of obesity (OR=1.18 [1.05, 1.32]). This study supports population-level approaches to tackling obesity however neighbourhoods contained features that were health-promoting and -constraining.

Inconsistencies in methodologies continue to inhibit understanding of the impact of the environment on body mass index (BMI). To estimate the effect of these differences we assessed the impact of using different definitions of neighbourhood and datasets on associations between food outlet availability within the environment and BMI. Previous research has not extended to show any differences in the strength of associations between food outlet availability and BMI across both different definitions of neighbourhood and datasets. Descriptive statistics showed differences in the number of food outlets, particularly other food retail outlets between different datasets and definitions of neighbourhood. Despite these differences, our key finding was that across both different definitions of neighbourhood and datasets there was very little difference in size of associations between food outlets and BMI. Researchers should consider and transparently report the impact of methodological choices such as the definition of neighbourhood and acknowledge any differences in associations between the food environment and BMI.

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Public health is increasingly engaging with multi-faceted obesity prevention efforts. Although parks represent key community assets for broader public health, they may not be distributed equitably and associations with obesity are equivocal. We investigated park access and quality relative to deprivation and obesity with individual-level data from the Yorkshire Health Study. Compared to the least deprived areas, the moderately and most deprived areas had a greater park access and park quality in terms of features and amenities. However, parks in the moderately and most deprived areas also had the most safety concerns and incivilities. Although deprivation was associated with obesity, contrary to current policy guidance, both park access and quality appear less important for understanding variations in obesity within this study. Although sub-group analyses by deprivation tertile revealed that low quality park amenities in highly and moderately deprived areas may be important for understanding obesity prevalence, all other associations were non-significant.

14Aims: This study investigates associations between the combined PA environment and obesity and 15 explores any sub-group effects by individual-level socioeconomic status. 17Methods: In a large cross-sectional cohort (n=22,889) from the Yorkshire Health Study, body mass 18 index (BMI) was calculated using self-reported height and weight and obesity was defined as a BMI≥30. 19The PA environment was split into "unfavourable PA", "moderately favourable PA" and, "favourable PA" 20 environments. This was based on the count of parks and PA facilities within a 2km radial buffer cantered 21 on home addresses. A favourable PA environment was defined as having ≥1 PA facility and ≥1 park, 22unfavourable as having no PA facility and park and any other combinations, defined as moderately 23 favourable. Logistic regression (odds ratios (OR)) identified associations with obesity. 25Results: Relative to "Unfavourable PA environments", individuals within favourable PA environments 26were less likely to be obese (OR=0.90; 95%CI 0.82-0.97) yet there was no effect for moderately 27 favourable environment. Furthermore, once stratified by education level, this relationship was only 28 present for those of higher education. 30Conclusion: Our findings provide novel UK evidence and is one of the first papers internationally that

The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked for copyright and the relevant embargo period has been applied by the Research Services team. We operate on a standard take-down policy. If you are the author or publisher of an output and you would like it removed from the repository, please contact us and we will investigate on a case-by-case basis.

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