Flood events play a substantial role in the circulation of catchment phosphate (PO 4 3À ). The purpose of the research was to analyze the factors determining PO 4 3À hysteresis patterns (direction and width) during four types of floods: short and long rainfall floods and snowmelt floods on frozen and thawed soil. The research took place in small catchments (forested, agricultural, mixed-use) in the Carpathian Foothills in Poland. Anticlockwise hysteresis was identified in the forested catchment during short and long rainfall floods. Under the same conditions, the clockwise direction was observed in the agricultural catchment. In the mixed-use catchment, the direction of PO 4 3À hysteresis loops was various, driven by the share of water flowing from each part of the catchment. For snowmelt floods, the PO 4 3À hysteresis pattern was similar in all the streams studied (usually clockwise). The direction of PO 4 3À hysteresis loops depends on water circulation patterns, which are determined by the different influx times of particular runoff components. The stream recharge mechanism during a flood event is affected both by the factor initiating the event (precipitation, snowmelt) as well as by land use in the given catchment. Hysteresis loop width was determined by the pool of PO 4 3À in a given catchment during the time period immediately preceding a flood event as well as by the quantity of PO 4 3À flushed out of the soil. The greater a catchment's pool of PO 4 3À and the greater its ability to flush PO 4 3À out of the soil and into surface flow, the wider the hysteresis loops. a i a -floods caused by short rainfalls, i b -floods caused by long rainfalls, ii asnowmelt and rain-on-snow events with the soil frozen, ii bsnowmelt and rain-on-snow events with the soil thawed. nnumber of samples. 3680 J. SIWEK, J. P. SIWEK AND M. ŻELAZNY
The study aimed to determine the influence of catchment characteristics and flood type on the relationship between streamflow and a number of chemical characteristics of streamwater. These were specific electrical conductivity (SC), pH, the concentrations of main ions (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + , HCO 3 − , SO 4 2− , and Cl − ), and nutrients (NH 4 + , NO 2 − , NO 3 − , and PO 4 3− ). These relationships were studied in three small catchments with different geological structure and land use. Several flood types were distinguished based on the factors that initiate flooding and specific conditions during events. Geological factors led to a lower SC and main ion concentrations at a given specific runoff in catchments built of resistant sandstone versus those built of less resistant sediments. A lower concentration of nutrients was detected in the semi-natural woodland catchment versus agricultural and mixed-use catchments, which are strongly impacted by human activity. The strongest correlation between streamflow and the chemical characteristics of water was found in the woodland catchment. Different types of floods were characterized by different ion concentrations. In the woodland catchment, higher SC and higher concentrations of most main ions were noted during storm-induced floods than during floods induced by prolonged rainfall. The opposite was true for the agricultural and mixed-use catchments. During snowmelt floods, SC, NO 3 − , and most main ion concentrations were higher when the soil was unfrozen in the agricultural and mixed-use catchments versus when the soil was frozen. In the case of the remaining nutrients, lower concentrations of NH 4 + were detected during rain-induced floods than during snowmelt floods. The opposite was true of PO 4 3− .
The purpose of the study was to determine the role of land use, seasonality, and hydrometeorological conditions on the relationship between stream water potassium (K+) concentration and discharge during different types of floods—short- and long-duration rainfall floods as well as snowmelt floods on frozen and thawed soils. The research was conducted in small catchments (agricultural, woodland, mixed-use) in the Carpathian Foothills (Poland). In the woodland catchment, lower K+ concentrations were noted for each given specific runoff value for summer rainfall floods versus snowmelt floods (seasonal effect). In the agricultural and mixed-use catchments, the opposite was true due to their greater ability to flush K+ out of the soil in the summer. In the stream draining woodland catchment, higher K+ concentrations occurred during the rising limb than during the falling limb of the hydrograph (clockwise hysteresis) for all flood types, except for snowmelt floods with the ground not frozen. In the agricultural catchment, clockwise hystereses were produced for short- and long-duration rainfall floods caused by high-intensity, high-volume rainfall, while anticlockwise hystereses were produced for short- and long-duration rainfall floods caused by low-intensity, low-volume rainfall as well as during snowmelt floods with the soil frozen and not frozen. In the mixed-use catchment, the hysteresis direction was also affected by different lag times for water reaching stream channels from areas with different land use. K+ hystereses for the woodland catchment were more narrow than those for the agricultural and mixed-use catchments due to a smaller pool of K+ in the woodland catchment. In all streams, the widest hystereses were produced for rainfall floods preceded by a long period without rainfall.
The chemical composition of surface water and groundwater is subject to constant changes, which result primarily from meteorological factors (for instance, size and intensity of atmospheric precipitation), hydrological factors (for instance, the degree of hydration of the mountain massif and changes in river flows), and geological-lithological factors (the type of bedrock). The aim of the present research was to examine the hydrological and chemical regime of surface and underground waters in the Bystra and Sucha Woda mountain stream catchments.Between December 2013 and December 2016, 77 series of measurements were collected at the rhythm of twice a month (n = 611 water samples) from 8 sites, which represented both surface waters (watercourses, ponds) and underground waters (karst springs). The studied area possesses very distinct geological duality. The southern part is a crystalline region, and the northern part is made up of sedimentary rocks. During the field studies, the following have been measured: water levels of the watercourses, flow rates, and physicochemical characteristics of water, such as electrical conductivity, pH and water temperature. At the same time, water samples were collected for laboratory analyses, which included general mineralization and concentrations of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + , HCO 3 -Sajdak, M., Siwek, J., Bojarczuk, A., Żelazny, M. (2018). Hydrological and chemical water regime in the catchments of Bystra and Sucha Woda, in the Tatra National Park. Acta Sci. Pol., Formatio Circumiectus, 18(3), 161-173. DOI: 162 www.formatiocircumiectus.actapol.net/pl/ composition of the Bystra stream water, draining the crystalline-sedimentary (karst) part of the catchment, was strictly dependent on the chemical composition of groundwater from the Goryczkowy and lower Bystra karst springs.
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