There is currently a limited understanding of the effect of food structure on physical breakdown and gastric emptying of solid starch-based foods during gastric digestion. Moisture uptake, pH, particle size,...

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The digestion of starch‐based foods in the small intestine as well as factors affecting their digestibility have been previously investigated and reviewed in detail. Starch digestibility has been studied both in vivo and in vitro, with increasing interest in the use of in vitro models. Although previous in vivo studies have indicated the effect of mastication and gastric digestion on the digestibility of solid starch‐based foods, the physical breakdown of starch‐based foods prior to small intestinal digestion is often less considered. Moreover, gastric digestion has received little attention in the attempt to understand the digestion of solid starch‐based foods in the digestive tract. In this review, the physical breakdown of starch‐based foods in the mouth and stomach, the quantification of these breakdown processes, and their links to physiological outcomes, such as gastric emptying and glycemic response, are discussed. In addition, the physical breakdown aspects related to gastric digestion that need to be considered when developing in vitro–in vivo correlation in starch digestion studies are discussed. The discussion demonstrates that physical breakdown prior to small intestinal digestion, especially during gastric digestion, should not be neglected in understanding the digestion of solid starch‐based foods.

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Polygodial is a bioactive compound that is present in an ancient native plant known as "horopito" (Pseudowintera colorata) in New Zealand, and it possesses antifungal, antibacterial, antifeedant, insecticidal, and antithelmintic properties. In this work, an approach for polygodial extraction using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) is presented. Two newly prepared DESs based on 1-dodecanol and polyethylene glycol were found to be comparable with ethanol in their polygodial extractability. However, they exposed a superior ability to protect polygodial from degradation and also a better solvent reusability for extraction of polygodial as compared to ethanol. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) in combination with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiment and optimization of polygodial extraction using the dodecanol-based DES. The optimal condition was acquired at 47.13 °C, for 1.03 h, and 5.01% w/v biomass, where 12.35 ± 0.05 mg of polygodial/g of dried horopito leaf was extracted.

The selection of gastric digestion parameters in food digestion studies using in vitro models is critical to properly represent structural changes in the stomach. This study aimed to evaluate the...

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