The potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) induces feeding sites (syncytia) in tomato and potato roots. In a previous study, 135 tomato genes up-regulated during G. rostochiensis migration and syncytium development were identified. Five genes (CYP97A29, DFR, FLS, NIK and PMEI) were chosen for further study to examine their roles in plant–nematode interactions. The promoters of these genes were isolated and potential cis regulatory elements in their sequences were characterized using bioinformatics tools. Promoter fusions with the β-glucuronidase gene were constructed and introduced into tomato and potato genomes via transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes to produce hairy roots. The analysed promoters displayed different activity patterns in nematode-infected and uninfected transgenic hairy roots.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11248-012-9665-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The present study examines the esophageal wall of animals from two distinct families of the Ruminantia: domestic goats and European roe deer. Five fragments were collected from the entire length of the esophageal wall in five goats and four roe deer and subjected to microscopic and morphometric analyses. All layers of the esophageal wall except the tela submucosa were found to be thicker in the goats. In both species, the esophagus was lined by parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and the tela submucosa was deprived of glands along its entire length. However, the structure of the lamina muscularis mucosae was better developed in goats: it was found to be discontinuous in the proximal part, and then became fused in the cervical part, that is around the most proximal quarter of its length. In contrast, in roe deer, the lamina muscularis mucosae began as sparse, thin muscle bundles at the pharyngeal‐esophageal junction, which thickened and clustered further down the esophagus, but did not fuse. Our findings regarding the microscopic structure of the ruminant esophagus are not fully consistent with the widely‐accepted view and suggest that the histological structure of the esophagus demonstrates interspecies variation within this large suborder. More precisely, species‐specific differences can be seen regarding the presence of esophageal glands and parakeratinized epithelium, and in the organization of the lamina muscularis mucosae.

W doświadczeniu polowym, założonym metodą losowanych bloków na poletkach 5 m2, zbadano poziom plonowania, masę 1000 ziaren, ciężar objętościowy i indeks restoracji u 29 mieszańców F1 uzyskanych po pierwszym cyklu wytwarzania materiałów wyjściowych do hodowli mieszańcowej heksaploidalnego pszenżyta ozimego w systemie CMS Pampa, przeniesionym z hodowli żyta. Indeks restoracji wahał się w granicach 4,9–91,3%, plon od 25,9 do 91,7% plonu wzorca Moderato (wynoszącego średnio 3,1 kg/5 m2), masa 1000 ziarniaków zmieniała się od 24,3 do 38,5 g (dla Moderato 27,7 g) a ciężar objętościowy od 56,1 do 68,1 kg/hl (dla Moderato 63,03 kg/hl). Przedyskutowano przydatność wybranych linii żeńskich i męskich do następnego cyklu krzyżowań i selekcji oraz metodykę dalszych prac nad uzyskaniem genotypów zapewniających wyższy poziom heterozji i tolerancji cytoplazmy Pampa przez pszenżyto.

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