The article presents the results of a study aiming to select the optimal source of heat for a newly designed single-family home. Commercial software was used to compare heating and ventilation systems involving a bituminous coal boiler, a condensing gas boiler, a biomass boiler, a heat pump with water and glycol as heat transfer media. The effectiveness of natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation with a ground-coupled heat exchanger, and solar heater panels for water heating were evaluated. The analysis was based on the annual demand for useful energy, final energy, and non-renewable primary energy in view of the pollution output of the evaluated heating systems. The analysis revealed that the heat pump with water and glycol was the optimal solution. However, the performance of the heat pump in real-life conditions was below its maximum theoretical efficiency. The biomass boiler contributed to the highest reduction in pollutant emissions (according to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Change guidelines, carbon dioxide emissions have zero value), but it was characterized by the highest demand for final energy. Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery was required in all analyzed systems to achieve optimal results. The introduction of mechanical ventilation decreased the demand for final energy by 10% to around 40% relative to the corresponding heating systems with natural ventilation.
The article presents the results of a study aiming to select the optimal source of heat for a newly designed single-family home. Commercial software was used to compare heating and ventilation systems involving a bituminous coal boiler, a condensing gas boiler, a biomass boiler, and a heat pump with water and glycol as heat transfer media. The effectiveness of natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation with a groundcoupled heat exchanger, and solar heater panels (flat and tubular) for water heating was evaluated. The analysis was based on the annual demand for useful energy, final energy and non-renewable primary energy in view of the pollution output of the evaluated heating systems. The analysis revealed that the heat pump with water and glycol as heat transfer media was the optimal solution. However, the performance of the heat pump in real-life conditions was below its maximum theoretical efficiency. The biomass boiler contributed to the highest reduction in pollutant emissions, but it was characterized by the highest demand for final energy. Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery was required in all analyzed systems to achieve the optimal results. Laboratory analyses confirmed the high efficiency of the tube heat exchanger in winter.
The paper presents a concept of building a passive heat transport system based on the use of an antigravity thermosyphon with a bubble pump. Such solutions are suggested when the heat source is located above the place of its reception, e.g. in the case of solar collector installations. One of the components of the system is the device forcing the circulation of the heating medium. In the presented system, this process is carried out without the use of additional external sources of energy, such as electricity, to supply the circulating pumps. Such an installation is autonomous, so the risk of failure is diminished. It is also possible to automatically adjust the system to changing operating conditions without the need for additional automation. Other known solutions of this type are not used due to their imperfection. The challenge is to select the right working medium, whose physical properties should on the one hand transmit as much heat as possible, and on the other hand enable the pumping of the heating medium to be performed with low energy consumption. In the opinion of the authors of the paper, it is possible to achieve with the use of two working media in one system: water and a substance with a low boiling point.
The region of Warmia and Mazury in Poland is fourth largest voivodeship which occupies 7,7 % of the country's territory. The Region of Warmia and Mazury in north-eastern Poland is situated at a distance from conventional energy sources. Therefore, the Region is a Polish leader in power generation from renewable energy sources. The structure of electrical grids in the Region of Warmia and Mazury is poorly developed and insufficient. Therefore, electric power infrastructure should be expanded and modernized as part of energy sector development to increase energy efficiency as well as electricity and heat production from renewable energy sources. The Region of Warmia and Mazury is characterized by a considerable discrepancy between energy generation and energy use. It recent years, electricity consumption exceeded energy production more than 10-fold. The region has to purchase energy from external sources and develop new generation methods, in particular those that rely on renewable resources of energy. In Warmia and Mazury, the most popular renewable energy sources include biomass, wind turbines, solar and photovoltaic panels, hydropower, heat pumps and geothermal energy. The region is characterized by distributed energy generation in small polants that carter mostly to local needs. The University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn has developed, in collaboration with the Warmia and Mazury Energy Agency, a renewable energy strategy for 2010-2020 in the Region of Warmia and Mazury. The strategy is consistent with the Polish Energy Policy and the national plan for the use of renewable energy sources. In the region Warmia and Mazury, efforts are being made to generate 14,000 TJ of energy from renewable sources ( approx. 18,4 % of energy consumption in the region) and 1,700 GWh of electricity (approx. 49 % of energy consumption in the region), reduce CO2 emissions in the energy sector by 1,530,000 tons, and the decrease energy consumption per unit of GDP (PLN 1 million) from 1.94 TJ to 1.67 TJ by 2020.
The study results showed the mistakes made by the studied population group in the method of nutrition, including daily diet energy value (deficiencies), its structure and the quality of the meals.
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