A capillary blood micro technic for blood sugar utilizing the Unopette, a device for obtaining the required specimens, is described. The accuracy of the Unopette was tested and established.Three-hour capillary blood oral glucose tolerance tests, using this methodology, were performed on a total of 159 children in three age groups; one week to one-and-one-half years, one-and-one-half to three years, and three fo twelve years. Oral glucose solution was administered according to age and weight. All children had negative family histories for diabetes and were in good health. The mean blood sugar values for each of the three age groups were compared with one another for each of the sampling periods. No significant differences at the 5 per cent level were observed among the group means at any of the six testing periods. Over-all means and the values of ± 2 standard deviations and the third to ninety-seventh percentiles were determined for the three age groups combined. Values for the :± 2 standard deviation range were: Fasting (55 to 88 mg./ 100 ml.); thirty minutes (77 to 160 mg./lOO ml.); sixty minutes (66 to 149 mg./lOO ml.); ninety minutes (68 to 133 mg./100 ml.); 120 minutes (59 to 130 mg./lOO ml.); 180 minutes (46 to 105 mg./100 ml.). DIABETES 19:176-81, March, 1970. The increasing emphasis on identifying, 1 and possibly instituting early therapy 2 to individuals predisposed to diabetes has greatly increased the number of children who are being examined by means of oral glucose tolerance tests. The importance of standardization of the oral glucose tolerance test has been recently emphasized samples of adults. Nevertheless, capillary blood has been widely utilized, even though the dividing line between normal and abnormal is arbitrary. Klimt, Wolff, Silverman, and Conant 4 administered oral glucose tolerance tests to thirteen nondiabetic females. Simultaneous capillary and venous blood samples were taken at each sampling period. At the fasting and third hours the differences were insignificant. At the first hour the mean difference was 24 mg./ioo ml. and at the second hour, 13.3 mg./ioo ml. Only the first hour values were significantly different at the 95 per cent probability level, however. Mosenthal and Barry 5 performed fifty twohour oral glucose tolerance tests and found the average A-V difference to be about 30 mg./ioo ml. They made no significance testing of differences, however. Whichelow, Wigglesworth, Cox, Butterfield, and Abrams 6 compared arterial with venous blood sugar levels. They found that venous blood differed from arterial blood from + 26 mg./ioo ml. to -4 mg./ioo ml. during the two-hour glucose tolerance test.In order to circumvent the technical difficulties of obtaining numerous venous blood samples from infants and children, micro technics must be used. It is the purpose of this study to establish standards for capillary blood sugar values for children utilizing the Unopette* for collecting micro samples of blood. MATERIAL AND METHODSThree groups of children, one week to one-and-a-half year...
Three-hour oral cortisone-primed glucose tolerance tests were performed on a total of 113 children in three age groups; iy 2 to less than 4 yrs., 4 yrs. to less than 8 yrs., and 8 to 12 yrs. of age. All children had negative family histories for diabetes, were in good health, and had recent normal oral glucose tolerance tests. A capillary blood microtechnic for blood sugar was used. Oral glucose was administered according to age and weight. The total cortisone dosage was 280 mg. per M 2 given in two equally divided doses eight-and-one-half and two hours before the testing.It is suggested that the blood sugar values for the IV2 to less than 4 yrs. age group be considered separately because of significant differences from the other age groups. The values for the ± 2 standard deviation range for boys and girls from 4 to 12 yrs. of age were: fasting (54.4-114.0 mg./ 100 ml.); 30 min. (96.1-202.9 mg./lOO ml.); 60 min. (74.7-202.3 mg./lOO ml.); 90 min. (72.5-169.3 mg./lOO ml.); 120 min. (65.8-157.4 mg./lOO ml.) ; 180 min. (49.6-122.4 mg./100 ml.). DIABETES 20:615-21, September, 1971.The thrust of much present day research is to identify those individuals predisposed to diabetes mellitus 1 and to evaluate the effectiveness of early therapy. 2 -3 The evidence for the importance of genetic factors in diabetes 4 has resulted in an increasingly large number of children being examined for the presence of the disease.Probably the most widely used test in studies of the prevalence of diabetes has been the oral glucose tolerance
Twelve control and nine gestational diabetic mothers (GDM) and their infants were studied at birth. All GDM were obese. The criteria for selection of control mothers were a negative family history for diabetes, a normal oral glucose tolerance test, and the presence of obesity. The mean birth weights of the infants were not significantly different. All infants received a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), completed within the first 24 hours of life. Glucose, serum immunoreactive insulin and growth hormone levels were determined. The mean glucose values obtained at the time of delivery revealed no significant differences between the GDM and the control mothers or between the infants of gestational diabetic mothers (IGDM) and the normal control infants. At birth, the mean seruni insulin levels of the GDM and the IGDM were both significantly higher than were their control GDM and IGDM. The OGTT was performed between 0 and 21 hours after birth and after a 4-hour fast. The mean fasting blood glucose level of the IGDM was significantly lower than that of the control infants, p≤.02. However, during the OGTT, the normal control infants showed a disposal of glucose similar to the IGDM. No evidence of hyperinsulinemia was observed in either the control infants or the infants of gestational diabetic mothers. The mean growth hormone values for the infants at the time of delivery revealed no significant differences between the two study groups. During the OGTT, the IGDM had significantly higher mean growth hormone values at both 60 and 120 minutes.
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