The relationship between moisture transportation and efflorescence in sodium hydroxide- or sodium silicate-activated fly ash/slag geopolymers was investigated. The results show that the efflorescence products are sodium carbonate hydrates, mainly composed of natron, heptahydrate, trona and sodium carbonate. The efflorescence induces compressive strength loss, water absorption increases and pore structure degradation in the geopolymer. When the curved surface of a geopolymer cylinder is covered with plastic film, the moisture transportation drives the free alkalis to the top surface to initiate efflorescence. In comparison, the efflorescence occurring on the curved surface of an uncovered geopolymer cylinder results in a more intensive alkalinity loss. For the uncovered geopolymers prepared with sodium hydroxide activator, efflorescence deposits are formed on the lower half of cylinder. A low capillary absorption capacity developed in the pore structure can only drive the moisture to the middle of cylinder, which is confronted with the drying front. More efflorescence products are formed on the upper half of the uncovered geopolymer cylinder prepared with sodium silicate activator. A relatively higher capillary absorption capacity, developed in the more compact pore structure, transports the moisture from the bottom to the top of cylinder, so no drying line is observed in the cylinder.
Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a disease with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. This study aimed at exploring gene expression profile alterations, investigating the underlying mechanisms and identifying novel targets for IBM. We analysed two microarray datasets (GSE39454 and GSE128470) derived from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The GEO2R tool was used to screen out differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between IBM and normal samples. Gene Ontology(GO)function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery to identify the pathways and functional annotation of DEGs. Finally, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using STRING and Cytoscape, in order to identify hub genes. A total of 144 upregulated DEGs and one downregulated DEG were iden-
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