These are typically shoots or branches, but sometimes buds, flowers, fruit or roots are removed as well. Objective of pruningTo remove the non-productive parts in order to divert the energy into those parts that is capable of bearing fruits. Maintain the proper proportion of root: shoot ratio.Better quality of fruits by better light penetration.Dry matter distribution is primarily regulated by the sink-strength of the various organs. When the available assimilates equal or exceed the total sink strength of the plant, the growth rates of the vegetative parts and the individual fruit or clusters occur at the potential rates. However, when the amount of available assimilates is less than the total sink strength, the assimilates are distributed between leaves, stem, roots and fruit according to their individual sink strengths relative to the total sink strength.The sink strength of an organ can be quantified by the potential growth rate of a sink, that is, the growth rate under conditions of non-limiting assimilate supply. Fruit
Kumar and Yadav (2007) reported that the plant height increased significantly with each increment in the dose of sulphur up to 15 kg S ha-1. However, the differences in plant height due to further increase in the dose of S were not significant. Application of 30 and 45 kg S ha-1 significantly increased the value of leaf
Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is a soil- and seed-borne pathogen that causes charcoal rot and various rots and blights of more than 500 crop species. Dry root rot (DRR) also called as charcoal rot which causes yield loss ranged from 25-48 per cent. The pathogen is necrotroph and infects a wide range of crops. It is observed that mycelium of M. phaseolina in cotyledons, plumule and radicle, in the naturally infected seeds of mungbean and cowpea. The disease symptoms are clearly visible from the time of emergence and can be evaluated at various stages of development of the plant. The mechanical plugging of the xylem vessels by microsclerotia, toxin production, enzymatic action and mechanical pressure during penetration lead to disease development. Management of M. phaseolina aim to reduce the number of sclerotia in soil or to minimize the contact of the inoculum and the host. Soil solarization can be a cost-effective method for management of soil borne diseases. Disease suppression by biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and Bacillus subtilis are the sustained manifestation of interactions among the plant, the pathogen, the biocontrol agent, the microbial community on and around the plant and the physical environment and considerably inhibited growth of M. phaseolina. Essential oils and plant extracts contain a multitude of bioactive substances against fungi, bacteria and nematodes. It has been reported that neem oil, turmeric and garlic was effective against M. phaseolina in in vitro condition. Chemical control is an effective method when seed treatment and foliar spray of carbendazim, topsin M-70, captan, thiram, mancozeb, copper oxychloride against root rot and leaf blight (Macrophomina phaseolina) topsin M-70, captan, thiram, mancozeb, copper oxychloride against root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina). As non-chemical alternative methods can be time-consuming and less effective against soilborne plant pathogens. Chemical control is an effective method of controlling some soilborne diseases in agricultural crops. Varoius workers are reported compatibility of biocontrol agents with fungicides and found that Carbendazim and biocontrol agents Trichoderma viride, T. harizianum were found effective under in vitro and pot condition.
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