This study focuses on the electromechanical analysis of functionally graded graphene reinforced piezoelectric composite (FG-GRPC) structures in order to identify circuit metrics such as voltage and power. The graphene platelets (GPLs) scatter evenly and parallelly in each graphene platelets reinforced piezoelectric composite (GRPC) tile. The effective modulus of elasticity for the GRPC tile is calculated by the Halpin-Tsai (HT) parallel model. The rule of the mixture (ROM) is employed to estimate the effective mass density, poisson’s ratio, and piezoelectric properties of GRPC structure. A simple power law distribution is responsible for the spatial disparity in composition over the thickness to generate FG-GRPC structural tiles. The first-order shear deformation theory and Hamilton’s principle are used to derive the governing finite element equations for the FG-GRPC plates. The impact of external resistance, frequency, volume fraction, piezoelectric characteristics, and geometry of the tile on the circuit metrics of FG-GRPC structures are thoroughly examined. Our results reveal that the circuit metrics of FG-GRPC plates are significantly enhanced due to consideration of material grading exponent and a small quantity of GPLs. This article will provide the necessary physical insights for modeling the electromechanical coupling in multipurpose piezoelectric materials, devices, and large-scale systems, allowing them to be used in industrial applications such as pressure sensors, miniature ultrasonic motors, fuel injectors, active controllers, and robotic systems.
The present study proposes enhancement of harvested power and voltage by tuning the poling orientation in piezoelectric materials. The dependency of piezoelectric strain coefficients on performance is presented mathematically and to demonstrate the effect, a cantilever-based energy harvester having platinum substrate is considered with seven different materials. It is observed that PZT-2 shows an improvement of 598% in harvested power and 165% in voltage by poling tuning to 45°. Similar poling tuning helps PZT-7A to improve 325 and 106% in power and voltage generation, respectively. Huge improvement of 1425% in power and 290% for voltage is observed for PMN-0.35PT. PbTi0 3 shows a minimal improvement at poling angle of 30°. The performance of materials like Ba 2 NaNb 5 O 15 and PVDF gets deteriorated with an increase in poling orientation. The peak values of power and voltage are observed at different poling angles for different piezoelectric materials. The least magnitudes of power and voltage generation occur at poling angle of 90°f or any material system.
Bridge transducers are square or rectangular cymbals that have been proven to be a promising design for piezoelectric energy harvesting in the presence of high-impact loads. This study investigates the effect of compositionally graded platinum and material exponents on the performance metrics of a flex tensional bridge structure. A functionally graded piezoelectric material is created here by incorporating a compositionally graded Pb[ZrxTi1−x]O3/platinum material (Pb[ZrxTi1−x]O3/platinum) with a polymer of -(C2H2F2)n-. The multiphysics bridge structured model is solved using finite element analysis. The biokinetic energy is generated by footsteps with loads that are 1.5–3 times the body weight, and thus an impact load of 1500 N is considered in this study. The performance metrics in terms of voltage and power are scrutinised using the electromechanical model in order to attain maximum output at optimal settings. The optimal grading exponent values are determined by the platinum concentration as well as other functional factors. It is discovered that the power law-driven grading index improves bridge functionally graded piezoelectric material performance regardless of changes in other operating parameters. Although platinum impairs Pb[ZrxTi1−x]O3/platinum performance but synergising the composite material with the grading index enhances the performance metrics percentage of functionally graded piezoelectric material over the respective Pb[ZrxTi1−x]O3/platinum material. This research establishes the relevance of synergism on the electromechanical features and performance of bridge transducers, and is applicable to any bonded piezoelectric device, whether it is an energy harvester, actuator or sensor.
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