The degradation or removal of chemical,
biological, and radioactive
contaminants is a supporting technique for homeland defense and countering
terrorism. A highly efficient, noncorrosive, nonaqueous formula based
on alkali, alcohol, and amine was developed for degradation of chemical
warfare agents (CWAs). The optimized formula consisted of 50% ethanolamine,
9% benzyl alcohol, 2% KOH, 28% dimethyl sulfoxide, and 11% 18-crown-6-ether,
based on the decontamination efficiency against mustard (HD). The
experimental results suggested that the volume ratio of the nonaqueous
decontaminant formula to CWA should be no less than 30, 2, and 10
for HD, soman (GD), and VX to achieve >99% in 30 min. The nonaqueous
decontaminant can be used to decontaminate CWAs over a wide range
of ambient temperature, especially low temperature. It was shown that
the main degradation pathway of HD was hydrochloric acid (HCl) elimination
to give chloroethyl vinyl sulfide. GD and VX degradation pathway involved
P–F and P–S bond cleavage, leading to nucleophilic displacement
reactions. The nonaqueous formula presented excellent performance
toward decontaminate CWAs contaminated concrete, alkyd paint coatings,
and military exposure suits. Corrosion of the formula to metal materials
and alkyd paint coatings was much lower than that by DS-2 decontamination
solution.
The peroxide-based decontaminants had attracted great attention for degradation of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) because of their high performance, non-corrosive and environmental-friendly merits. Hydrogen peroxide can be activated by some organic activators to enhance the oxidation ability. In this work, a novel formula based on sodium percarbonate (SPC) complexed with 1-acetylguanidine (ACG) was investigated for decontamination of sulfur mustard (HD) and VX as CWAs. In the experimental results, the active species acetyl peroxide imide acid in the formula aqueous solution was detected in situ by Raman and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The optimized conditions of the decontamination formula (SPC/ACG) were suggested that, the molar ratio of active oxygen and activator ([O]/[ACG]) was 1:1 while the pH value of the formula aqueous solution was about 9. To achieve the decontamination percentage over 99%, the molar ratio of active oxygen to CWA ([O]/[CWA]) needed to be at least 3 for HD and 7 for VX. Meanwhile, the degradation products detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and ion chromatography (IC) indicated that the oxidation and elimination reactions should have occurred on HD molecule, while the degradation of VX mainly originate from the nucleophilic substitution and oxidation reactions.
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