Aqueous zinc-ion batteries have drawn increasing attention due to the intrinsic safety, costeffectiveness and high energy density. However, parasitic reactions and non-uniform dendrite growth on the Zn anode side impede their application. Herein, a multifunctional additive, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NHP), is introduced to regulate uniform zinc deposition and to suppress side reactions. The results show that the NH 4 + tends to be preferably absorbed on the Zn surface to form a "shielding effect" and blocks the direct contact of water with Zn. Moreover, NH 4 + and (H 2 PO 4 ) À jointly maintain pH values of the electrode-electrolyte interface. Consequently, the NHP additive enables highly reversible Zn plating/stripping behaviors in Zn//Zn and Zn//Cu cells. Furthermore, the electrochemical performances of Zn//MnO 2 full cells and Zn//active carbon (AC) capacitors are improved. This work provides an efficient and general strategy for modifying Zn plating/stripping behaviors and suppressing side reactions in mild aqueous electrolyte.
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have the potential to be utilised in grid-scale energy storage system owing to their high energy density and cost-effective properties. However, the dissolution of cathode materials and the irreversible extraction of pre-intercalated metal-ions in the electrode materials restrict the stability of AZIBs. Herein, a cathode stabilised zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) strategy is reported based on a natural biomass polymer sodium alginate as the electrolyte coupling with a Na + pre-intercalated δ-Na0.65Mn2O4•1.31H2O cathode. The dissociated Na + in alginate after gelation directly stabilises the cathodes by preventing the collapse of layered structures during charge processes. The as-fabricated ZIBs deliver a high capacity showing 305 mAh g -1 at 0.1 A g -1 , even 10% higher than the ZIBs with an aqueous electrolyte. Further, the hybrid polymer electrolyte possessed excellent coulombic efficiency above 99% and capacity retention of 96% within 1000 cycles at 2 A g -1 . A detailed investigation combining ex-situ experiments uncover the charge storage mechanism and the stability of assembled batteries, confirming the reversible diffusions of both Zn 2+ and pre-intercalated Na + . A flexible device of ZIBs fabricated based on vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) possesses an outstanding performance of 160 mAh g -1 at 1 A g -1 , which illustrates their potential for wearable electronics in mass production.
increasing dramatically in recent years, especially, the development of the internet accelerated the consumption substantially. [2,3] As one of the promising substitutional options for LIBs, potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have been intensively studied in the research field of electrochemical energy storage. Sodium and potassium are much more earth abundant than lithium. Additionally, as potassium metal does not react with aluminium in the low potential range, it provides the possibility of substituting copper with aluminium as the current collector, which further reduces the cost of PIBs. [1] However, PIBs are still facing challenges including their slow kinetics, poor cyclability due to severe volume change during cycling, and the side reactions between electrodes and unmatched electrolytes. [4,5] The sluggish kinetics and substantial structural strain during cycling of PIBs is due to the large ionic radius of the potassium-ion. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] To solve this issue, nanostructure design was attempted in many works on a wide range of materials, including graphite, [13,14] graphene oxides, [15] alloys, [16] sulfides, [17] selenides, [18,19] and Prussian blue anologues, [20] to shorten ion diffusion length of potassium (K + ) ions and increase the numbers of paths by changing the morphology and microstructure.Carbon-based materials are important in K + ion batteries because of their excellent electrical conductivity, low voltage discharge plateaus, high theoretical specific capacity, and low cost. Carbon-based materials have been proved to be reliable anodes or essential electrode composition in the forms of graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), [21][22][23][24][25][26] graphite, [27][28][29][30][31][32][33] graphene oxide (GO), or reduced graphene oxide (rGO). [15,17,18,34] Nevertheless, there are still many challenges in the utilization of carbon materials as anode in potassium ion batteries: 1) interlayer spacing is not sufficient in many carbon materials. Commercial graphite usually has a interlayer spacing of 0.335 nm to accommodate large K + ions (1.38 Å), which results in poor rate capability and fast capacity decay. 2) Severe volume variation during charge-discharge processes, which results in limited cycling stability; several structural engineering approaches have been studied for CNTs, including metal-organic framework. [35] 3) Costly method and byproduct produced in the synthesis also need to be considered when designing anodes. Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have become one of the promising candidates for electrochemical energy storage that can provide low-cost and high-performance advantages. The poor cyclability and rate capability of PIBs are due to the intensive structural change of electrode materials during battery operation. Carbon-based materials as anodes have been successfully commercialized in lithium-and sodium-ion batteries but is still struggling in potassium-ion battery field. This work conducts structural engineering strategy to induce anionic defects within the carbon structures t...
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries have drawn increasing attention due to the intrinsic safety, costeffectiveness and high energy density. However, parasitic reactions and non-uniform dendrite growth on the Zn anode side impede their application. Herein, a multifunctional additive, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NHP), is introduced to regulate uniform zinc deposition and to suppress side reactions. The results show that the NH 4 + tends to be preferably absorbed on the Zn surface to form a "shielding effect" and blocks the direct contact of water with Zn. Moreover, NH 4 + and (H 2 PO 4 ) À jointly maintain pH values of the electrode-electrolyte interface. Consequently, the NHP additive enables highly reversible Zn plating/stripping behaviors in Zn//Zn and Zn//Cu cells. Furthermore, the electrochemical performances of Zn//MnO 2 full cells and Zn//active carbon (AC) capacitors are improved. This work provides an efficient and general strategy for modifying Zn plating/stripping behaviors and suppressing side reactions in mild aqueous electrolyte.
To promote the commercial application of sodium ion batteries (SIBs), new high‐stability and high‐capacity anode materials are needed. Metal oxides show great promise, but significant issues relating to their low electrical conductivity and unstable structure during charge storage must be resolved. Herein, a new composite anode consisting of pseudohexagonal Nb2O5 (TT‐Nb2O5) nanoparticles strongly anchored to carbon nanotubes (CNT) through a glucose‐derived carbon framework (Nb2O5/g‐CNT) was synthesised and assessed for use as the anode in SIBs. This represents the first application of TT‐Nb2O5 in SIBs. The composite is shown to offer high specific capacity (203 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1), good rate capability (53 mAh g−1 at high current density of 5 A g−1), and a high‐capacity retention rate (135 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 between 25 and 300 cycles). This is attributed to high electrical conductivity and flexibility offered by the designed carbon framework, the superior capacity of the TT‐Nb2O5 and the linkage between the two provided by the bonding glucose derived carbon. This work therefore demonstrates a scalable route for the application of metal oxides in future high‐performance SIB systems.
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