Abstract. Ax• iterative geostatistical inverse approach is developed to estimate conditional effective unsaturated hydraulic conductivity parameters, soil-water pressure head, and degree of saturation in heterogeneous vadose zones. This approach is similar to the classical cokriging technique, and it uses a linear estimator that depends on covariances and cross covariances of unsaturated hydraulic parameters, soil-water pressure head, and degree of saturation. The linear estimator is, however, improved successively by solving the governing flow equation find by updating the residual covariance and crosscovariance functions in an iterative manner. As a result, the nonlinear relationship between unsaturated hydraulic conductivity parameters and head is incorporated in the estimation and the estimated fields are approximate conditional means. The ability of the iterative approach is demonstrated through some numerical examples.

A geostatistical inverse technique utilizing both primary and secondary information is developed to estimate conditional means of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity parameters (saturated hydraulic conductivity and pore -size distribution parameters) in the vadose zone. Measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity and pore -size distribution parameters are considered as the primary information, while measurements of steady -state flow processes (soil -water pressure head and degree of saturation) are regarded as the secondary information. This inverse approach relies on the classical linear predictor (cokriging) theory and takes the advantage of the spatial cross-correlation between soil -water pressure head, degree of saturation, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and pore -size distribution parameter. Using an approximate perturbation solution for steady, variably saturated flow under general boundary conditions, the cross-covariances between the primary and secondary information are derived. The approximate solution is formulated based on a first -order Taylor series expansion of a discretized finite element equation. The sensitivity matrix in the solution is evaluated by an adjoint state sensitivity approach for flow in heterogeneous media under variably saturated conditions. Through several numerical examples, the inverse model demonstrates its ability to improve the estimates of the spatial distribution of saturated hydraulic conductivity and pore -size distribution parameters using the secondary information.

A combination of Cu and H-OMS-2 is employed to synthesize heterocycles through multistep oxidation under a low-energy pathway.

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Metabolomics is an emerging and robust discipline and involves the comprehensive evaluation of small molecule endogenous metabolites and enables the exploration of the pathogenesis of diseases.

An efficient Cu/OMS-2-catalyzed oxidative heterogeneous protocol has been developed for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted unsymmetrical 1,4-enediones and 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]-pyrimidin-4-ones from 1,4-enediones and amines or 2-aminopyridines. The present catalytic system employs air as the termial oxidant and tolerates a broad range of substrates using low loading copper (1.3 wt%). The Cu/OMS-2 was characterized by various methods, including XRD, XPS, BET as well as TEM/SEM, and the results of H2-TPR shows that the redox ability of the catlayst was improved by the combination of Cu and OMS-2. Moreover, the catalyst is recyclable.

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