The determination of strong mutagen MX [3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone] in drinking water in China

Huixian, Zou; Xu, Xu; Zhang, Jinqi; Zhu, Zhirong

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(95)00095-p

Cited by 21 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In 1990, Andrews et al measured MX concentrations ranging from 38 to 60 ng L −1 in six Canadian treatment plants [15]. The figures from other countries show similar ranges: Australia, not detected to 33 ng L −1 [13]; Japan, not detected to 134.0 ng L −1 [36]; China, 7.5-24.9 ng L −1 [16]; Russia, an average of 160 ± 50 ng L −1 [22]; Spain, not detected to 30 ng L −1 [23]; and Finland, 15-67 ng L −1 [8]. A few other studies with higher MX concentrations are highlighted in the introduction.…”

Section: Drinking Water Analysissupporting

confidence: 51%

Improved derivatization technique for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone in drinking water

Kubwabo

Stewart

Gauthier

et al. 2009

Analytica Chimica Acta

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Section: Drinking Water Analysissupporting

confidence: 51%

Improved derivatization technique for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone in drinking water

Kubwabo

Stewart

Gauthier

et al. 2009

Analytica Chimica Acta

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“…In the Russian drinking water extract (S25), the concentration was 15 ng/L. MX has previously been detected in concentrations of up to 67 ng/L in 26 Finnish drinking water samples (3) and in concentrations ranging from 3 to 60 ng/L in U.S., U.K., Japanese, and Chinese drinking water samples (5,7,9,10).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…MX was later detected in several drinking water extracts in Finland (3,4) and has also been detected in drinking waters in the United States (5,6), the United Kingdom (7), Canada (8), and Japan (9). Recently, the compound was detected in tap water samples in the Peoples' Republic of China (10). The contribution of MX to the observed total TA100 mutagenicity in the Finnish, U.S., U.K., and Japanese drinking water extracts has been determined to range between 3 and 60% (2-7, 9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of Ames Mutagenic Chlorohydroxyfuranones and Related Compounds in Drinking Waters

Smeds

Vartiainen

Mäki‐Paakkanen

et al. 1997

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The extremely potent Ames mutagen MX [3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone] has been found to account for a substantial part of the mutagenicity of drinking waters. Some compounds showing structural relationship with MX have been identified in drinking waters, but it has not been investigated whether they are commonly occurring. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to make a comprehensive survey of the occurrence of such compounds in drinking waters and of their importance as mutagenicity contributors. Drinking water was collected from 35 localities in Finland and from St. Petersburg, Russia. The acidified water samples were processed through XAD-8 resin and eluted with ethyl acetate. The mutagenic activity was measured in the extracts using the Ames Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 without metabolic activation. In addition, the concentrations of a total of 13 compounds were determined in the extracts using GC/MS in the selected ion monitoring mode. The study confirms that MX is the most important Ames mutagen in chlorine-disinfected drinking waters, accounting for up to 67% of the overall mutagenicity. Furthermore, the study shows that compounds with structural similarities to MX are commonly present in drinking waters, but their total contribution to the overall mutagenicity is on average only 4%.

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“…Concerning human reproductive health, the con‐centrations of MX in chlorinated drinking water are 0–80 ng/l (Meier et al, 1987; Kronberg and Vartiainen, 1988; Andrews et al, 1990; Kinae et al, 1992; Huixian et al, 1995; Smeds et al, 1997; Wright et al, 2002). The MX exposure of rats in the present study was 6 to 7 magnitudes higher than to which humans are exposed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental toxicity evaluation of 3‐chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2(5H)‐furanone (MX) in Wistar rats

Huuskonen¹,

Venäläinen²,

Komulainen³

2003

Birth Defects Research Pt B

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3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) is a genotoxic chlorination by-product in drinking water. There is some evidence that it has developmental toxic effects in vitro but its potential to cause developmental effects in vivo is not known. The developmental effects were evaluated in Wistar rats. Rats (22-26 dams per dose group) were administered MX by gavage at the dose levels of 3, 30, or 60 mg/kg in water on gestation days 6-19. Control animals received plain water. Clinical signs, body weight, and food and water consumption were recorded for the dams. On gestation day 20, a cesarean section was performed and the ovaries anduterine contents of the dams were examined and the liver, kidneys, spleen, and thyroid glands weighed. The fetuses of all dose groups were weighed, sexed, and observed for external and skeletal malformations and the fetuses of the two highest dose groups were evaluated for visceral malformations. The highest dose, 60 mg/kg of MX, was slightly toxic to the dams. It decreased the corrected body weight gain of dams by 32% and the water consumption by 16-17%. Kidney and liver weights were slightly increased. MX did not affect the number of implantations nor did it cause any resorptions. The body weights of fetuses were not significantly affected. MX did not cause external malformations or skeletal anomalies. Two fetuses at 60 mg/kg and one fetus at 30 mg/kg had major visceral malformations (persistent truncus arteriosus, diaphragmatic hernia, dilated aorta with a stenosis of pulmonary arteries) and two minor artery abnormalities were observed in those animals. The frequency of unilateral displaced testis was slightly higher (9.2%) in the 60-mg/kg dose group than in controls (1.6%). Since the abnormalities did not form a consistent pattern and occurred most at maternally toxic dose, we conclude that MX can be regarded as non-teratogenic.

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The determination of strong mutagen MX [3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone] in drinking water in China

Cited by 21 publications

References 16 publications

Improved derivatization technique for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone in drinking water

Improved derivatization technique for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone in drinking water

Concentrations of Ames Mutagenic Chlorohydroxyfuranones and Related Compounds in Drinking Waters

Developmental toxicity evaluation of 3‐chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2(5H)‐furanone (MX) in Wistar rats

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