As a major metabolite of pyrethroids pesticide, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) can be an indicator of health risk and human exposure assessment. Based on nanobodies (Nbs), we have developed a rapid...
Objective
Through the study of death characteristics and trend prediction, it is hoped that key populations, regions and seasons can be identified, thereby providing evidence support for the efficient prevention and control management of unintentional injury deaths.
Method
We collected information on 8630 unintentional deaths of children under age 5 from local surveillance systems, analyzed by chi-square test and predicted by the seasonal ARIMA model.
Results
About 33.1% of child deaths were under the age of 1, 60.5% were boys, 37.6% were in urban areas, 2.6% were among ethnic Tibetans, 6.8% were among ethnic Yi, and 46.6% died inside houses. The top three of total deaths were accidental drowning (35.0%), accidental suffocation (32.7%) and traffic accident (15.5%). The ratio of males to females in traffic accidents (1.28:1) and poisoning (1.30:1) deaths was relatively lower than accidental falls (1.62:1) and drowning (1.85:1). The causes of death ratio in rural and urban areas were: drowning (1.83:1), poisoning (1.75:1), suffocation (1.62:1), traffic (1.41:1), and falling (1.24:1). Children's deaths of ethnic minority groups of Tibetan and Yi increased year by year (χ2=75.261, P< 0.001). Tibetan and Yi groups had the most deaths in summer, and Han in winter (χ2=29.093, P< 0.001). Accidental suffocation accounted for 78.2 percent of the total unintentional deaths of children under age 1. And drowning accounted for only 2.4 percent. The model SERIMA (1, 1, 2) (2, 0, 0) [12] is suitable for describing and predicting unintentional injury deaths of children under age 5.
Conclusion
We should combine death surveillance with qualitative investigation or in-depth quantitative investigation to further analyze unintentional injury deaths in children.
As a major metabolite of pyrethroid
pesticides, 3-phenoxybenzoic
acid (3-PBA) can be an indicator of health risk and human exposure
assessment. A gold–platinum (Au@Pt) nanozyme is a kind of mimic
enzyme with unique properties of nanomaterials and catalytic activity.
The anti-3-PBA nanobodies were labeled with Au@Pt (Au@Pt-Nbs) by electrostatic
adsorption. The Au@Pt-Nbs lateral-flow nanozyme immunoassay was established
for the visual and rapid detection of 3-PBA. The visualization results
were quantitatively analyzed by Adobe Photoshop CC and got a cutoff
value of 0.005 ng/mL. The samples of milk- and lake water-spiked 3-PBA
were also analyzed, and the recoveries ranged from 102 to 108% and
95 to 112%, respectively. The results were also validated by liquid
chromatography–mass spectrometry and got good correlation (R
2 = 0.945). The Au@Pt-Nbs lateral-flow nanozyme
immunoassay was developed by the combination of nanobodies and nanozymes,
which will be a promising application in the field of safety inspection.
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