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Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework for the teaching–learning transaction that conceptualizes knowledge through learner-centered foci emphasizing accessibility, collaboration, and community. Given the importance of access to achieving social justice, UDL is a promising approach to meeting all learners’ needs more effectively. In this article, the history and philosophy of UDL are discussed and elaborated, followed by an explanation of how the principles of UDL were used to improve an existing online course offering for adult learners.

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this article investigates the consequence of the choice process for mental resources and the desire to obtain the selected products. the authors draw a distinction between instrumental choice, which serves preexisting consumption goals, and experiential choice, which serves as its own end. Across four studies, they find that instrumental choice undermines mental resources and experiential choice increases these resources. As a result, although experiential choice is made with no consumption goal in mind, compared with instrumental choice, it increases the desire to obtain the selected product. the authors demonstrate these effects on choice among a variety of consumer products (e.g., vacation packages, novels, flower bouquets).

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Abstract. In this paper, we propose a mechanism to eliminate the performance anomaly of IEEE 802.11b. Performance anomaly happens when nodes that have different transmission rates are in the same wireless cell. All the nodes in the cell might experience the same throughput even though their transmission rates are different because DCF of WLAN provides equal probability of channel access, but it does not guarantee the equal utilization of the wireless channel among the nodes. To reduce such a performance anomaly, we adjust the frame size proportionally depending on the bit rate. Additionally, our scheme eliminates the performance anomaly in multi-hop case. Simulation study shows that our scheme achieves an improvement in the aggregate throughput and the fairness.

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