The present study investigates the early stages of the oxide layer degradation process of Sanicro 28 (Fe31Cr27Ni) stainless steel when exposed to KCl at 450 and 535°C. A novel combinatory technique was developed and utilized, where CA was employed as a qualitative method to follow the varying stages of the onset of the corrosion reaction. XPS was then used to identify the elemental distribution and depth profile within the oxide layer at each identified reaction stage, and the resulting change in surface morphology and the progress of the corrosion front was studied by SEM-EDXA. Additionally, the main mechanism behind the spreading of the reaction front was identified using a novel test approach. The corrosion reaction could be separated into several overlapping stages, with the process being initiated by the alternation of the oxide layer resulting in the loss of passivity, the formation of chromate within the oxide layer and finally the oxidation of the chromium and iron from underlying material.

Children are found to exhibit high degrees of delay discounting compared with adults in many delay discounting studies, which might be due to the asynchronous development of “bottom-up” and “top-down” neural systems. However, the temporal dynamics associated with the two systems in the development of delay discounting processes are not well known. In this study, we chose two age groups of participants and adopted event-related potential (ERP) techniques to investigate the neural dynamic differences between children and adults during delay discounting processes. Behavioral findings showed that children discounted more than adults and chose more immediate choices. Electrophysiological findings revealed that children exhibited longer neural processing (longer P2 latency) than adults during the early detection and identification phase. Children showed less cognitive control (smaller N2 amplitude) than adults over the middle frontal areas, and they devoted more neural effort (larger P3 amplitudes) to making final choices than adults. The factors of reward amount and time delay could influence the development of delay discounting in children.

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