Purpose Recent studies have demonstrated that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is of importance in asthmatic inflammation. The role of MIF in modulating airway remodeling has not yet been thoroughly elucidated to date. In the present study, we hypothesized that MIF promoted airway remodeling by intensifying airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) autophagy and explored the specific mechanisms. Methods MIF knockdown in the lung tissues of C57BL/6 mice was conducted by instilling intratracheally adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors (MIF-mutant AAV9) into mouse lung tissues. Mice genetically deficient in the autophagy marker ATG5 (ATG5 +/− ) was used to detect the role of autophagy in ovalbumin (OVA)-asthmatic murine models. Moreover, to block the expression of MIF and CD74 in vitro models, inhibitors, antibodies and lentivirus transfection techniques were employed. Results First, MIF knockdown in the lung tissues of mice showed markedly reduced airway remodeling in OVA murine mice models. Secondly, ASMC autophagy was increased in the OVA-challenged models. Mice genetically deficient in the autophagy marker ATG5 (ATG5 +/− ) that were primed and challenged with OVA showed lower airway remodeling than genetically wild-type asthmatic mice. Thirdly, MIF can induce ASMC autophagy in vitro . Moreover, the cellular source of MIF which promoted ASMC autophagy was macrophages. Finally, MIF promoted ASMC autophagy in a CD74-dependent manner. Conclusions MIF can increase asthmatic airway remodeling by enhancing ASMC autophagy. Macrophage-derived MIF can promote ASMC autophagy by targeting CD74.
Background Epidemiological studies assessing the association between sedentary time and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risks have been published at a rapid pace in recent years, which makes the periodic review of knowledge essential. Furthermore, much of the early and ongoing work used screen time as a marker of total sedentary time, which may weaken the association between sedentary time and CVD risks. Objective To update evidence on CVD risks associated with different types of sedentary time, especially total sedentary time and screen time, and to explore as a marker of total sedentary time, whether screen time had similar CVD risks with total sedentary time. Methods PRISMA guideline was followed for the performing and reporting of this systematic review and meta-analysis. Three independent researchers searched eight electronic databases and two clinical trial registries for all studies published between January 2015 and December 2021 that assessed the association between sedentary time and CVD risks in adults. A standardized form was used for data extraction and collection. Wilmot and colleagues’ modified tool was used for quality assessment. The categorical association was assessed by comparing the pooled effect sizes for CVD risks associated with the highest and the lowest sedentary time categories across included studies. Stata 16.0 and Review Manager 5.3 were used for all statistical analyses, P ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results Seventeen prospective cohort studies and two cross-sectional studies with 145,1730 participants and over 48,668 CVD cases and deaths were included. Two included studies measured sedentary time with the accelerometer, 16 studies with self-reported questions, and one study with both the accelerometer and self-reported questions. CVD outcomes were self-reported in two included studies and objectively adjudicated through medical records or death certifications in 17 studies. Compared with the lowest total sedentary time category (median duration, 2.75 h/d), participants in the highest category (median duration, 10.5 h/d) had an increased risk of CVD morbidity (pooled RR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.21–1.27). Compared with the lowest total sedentary time category (median duration, 2.98 h/d), participants in the highest category (median duration, 10.2 h/d) had an increased risk of CVD mortality (pooled HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.13–1.47). The association between screen time and CVD risks was similar to total sedentary time with the cut-off point of 5–6 h/d. The associations between occupational sitting time, leisure sedentary time, and CVD risks stayed inconclusive. Conclusion Total sedentary time and screen time are both associated with cardiovascular health. As a marker of total sedentary time, screen time over 5–6 h/d had similar CVD risks with total sedentary time over 10–11 h/d.
Background: In recent years, many clinical studies have suggested that various Chinese patent medicines have the potential to treat functional dyspepsia (FD). This study aims to conduct a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of different Chinese patent medicines for FD.Methods: A comprehensive retrieval method will be executed in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Biology Medicine disc (CBM), VIP Database, and Wanfang Database. Clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of 9 Chinese patent medicines for FD are searched, and the retrieval time is from inception to October 2021. Three reviewers will screen the RCTs that meet the inclusion criteria and extract the data independently. The outcomes include total clinical efficiency, cure rate, recurrence rate, symptom score, and adverse events. Cochrane risk-of-bias tool will be carried to assess RCTs quality. The "gemtc" package and "rjags" package in R software will be used to manage data within the Bayesian framework.Results: The results can provide relatively objective evidence to evaluate the effectiveness of these 9 Chinese patent medicines in treating FD, which may help clinicians to develop a more effective and safer treatment plan. Conclusion:This study aims to provide new options for Chinese patent medicine treatment of FD in terms of its efficacy and safety.
Aims Adherence to diet and exercise recommendations is crucial among metabolic syndrome (MetS) individuals. However, no studies have focused on comprehensive behavioural changes of diet and exercise among individuals with MetS. The present study aimed to explore determinants of adherence to diet and exercise behaviours among people with MetS based on the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behaviour (COM-B) model. Methods and results A cross-sectional study was conducted in a health promotion centre of a large and general university hospital in Zhejiang Province, China, in 2021. A total of 241 individuals with MetS completed all scales. The mediation model was tested using structural equation modelling with bootstrapped samples. In the regression-based path analysis, MetS knowledge (β = 0.140), socioeconomic status (β = 0.162), and social support (β = 0.143) directly positively influenced diet behaviour. In addition, social support indirectly positively influenced exercise behaviour through coping and adaptation (β = 0.090). The final theoretical model showed a good fit (root mean square error of approximation = 0.057, comparative fit index = 0.946). Conclusion Factors associated with diet behaviour were knowledge of MetS, socioeconomic status, and social support. Adaptation may be a mediator between social support and exercise behaviour. Intervention programmes targeting increased adherence to diet and exercise could include these factors for individuals with MetS.
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