Background and purpose: Eltrombopag (ELT) can be effective in the treatment of relapse/refractory aplastic anemia (AA) patients. Responses and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) differed greatly among individuals treated at the same dosage of ELT.Methods: Patients diagnosed with nonsevere aplastic anemia (NSAA) between January 2018 and January 2019 in Peking Union Medical Colleague Hospital who were refractory to immunosuppressive therapy were treated with ELT and followed up for at least 6 months. Plasma concentrations of ELT were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after at least two months of ELT treatment and treatment at the same dosage for at least 2 weeks. The dose-concentration, concentration-response and concentration-ADR relationships were evaluated.Results: Among the 72 patients treated with ELT during the study period, 44 patients with complete data were enrolled. Six (13.6%) were males, and 38 were females (86.4%), with a median age of 54 years [interquartile range (IQR): 38.5–63]. At the time the ELT plasma concentration was detected, the median dosage of ELT was 75 (IQR 50–100) mg/d, the median time of total ELT exposure was 3 (IQR 2.0–6.0) months, and 37 (70.5%) patients had responded to ELT. The median concentration of ELT was 10.4 μg/ml (IQR 3.7–24.4 μg/ml). The concentration of ELT was positively correlated with the daily dose of ELT (r = 0.68, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of inefficacy of ELT at a concentration between 11.2 and 15.2 μg/ml was 0.028-fold (95% CI: 0.001–0.864; p = 0.041) of that at a concentration between 3.2 and 7.2 μg/ml. The cutoff value for the concentration of ELT showing efficacy was 12.50 μg/ml according to the receiver operation characteristic curve. A higher risk of ADR was related to a longer total exposure to ELT (p = 0.012). Although the correlation was not significant, the odds ratio increased with the ELT concentration, suggesting that it was possible that an elevated risk of ADR was correlated with the ELT blood concentration.Conclusion: ELT is effective for the treatment of NSAA and has acceptable side effects. The plasma concentration of ELT was correlated with the dose and the effects of ELT.
Applicability problems of the widely-used aggregation-based representation of DFIG wind farms focus on the modelling "error and impact" in transient stability computation. In order to identify crucial LVRT behaviors of DFIGs, specifically in system-level analysis, control strategies including vector-orientation, closed-loop rotor-current regulation, and Crowbar protection are given a full consideration. It is proved that, the DFIG works with its electrical and mechanical dynamics decoupled, and the result is that the DFIG behaves as an ideal controlled-power source. The DFIG's power-modulation functions defined by the grid code distinguish it from the conventional synchronous generator, which also conveniently offers dominant dynamics for studying errors of aggregation. Next, errors caused by the coupling between distribution factors and LVRT behaviors of wind farms (but ignored in aggregation) are discussed. With some existing grid codes, these factors not only generate a distributive profile of residual voltages along the feeders, but more importantly nonuniform power responses among individual wind turbines. Impacts of aggregation's errors on transient stability of power systems are analyzed. The trend in the error and impact of aggregation is analytically surveyed in a rudimentary system, and further numerically verified in a multi-machine system. Index Terms-Aggregation, nonuniformity, transient stability, low voltage ride-through (LVRT), collection network, wind distribution. 0885-8950
Infrared lasers are widely used in medicine, industry, and other fields. While science, medicine, and the society in general have benefited from the many practical uses of lasers, they also have inherent safety issues. Although several procedures have been put forward to protect the skin from non-specific laser-induced damage, individuals receiving laser therapy or researchers who use laser are still at risk for skin damage. This study aims to understand the interaction between laser and the skin, and to investigate the differences between the skin damage caused by 1,064-nm laser and common thermal burns. Skin lesions on Wistar rats were induced by a 1,064-nm CW laser at a maximum output of 40 W and by a copper brass bar attached to an HQ soldering iron. Histological sections of the lesions and the process of wound healing were evaluated. The widths of the epidermal necrosis and dermal denaturalization of each lesion were measured. To observe wound healing, the epithelial gap and wound gap were measured. Masson's trichrome and picrosirius red staining were also used to assess lesions and wound healing. The thermal damage induced by laser intensified significantly in both horizontal dimension and in vertical depth with increased duration of irradiation. Ten days after wounding, the dermal injuries induced by laser were more severe. Compared with the laser-induced skin damage, the skin burn induced by an HQ soldering iron did not show a similar development or increased in severity with the passage of time. The results of this study showed the pattern of skin damage induced by laser irradiation and a heated brass bar. This study also highlighted the difference between laser irradiation and thermal burn in terms of skin damage and wound healing, and offers insight for further treatment.
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