The pressure to reduce emissions has induced the government to provide subsidies to urge eco-innovation in the new energy vehicle industry. Although the giving of such subsidies to the new energy vehicle industry has been practiced for a long time, few studies consider how the subsidy policies affect social welfare and the manufacturers’ profits and eco-innovation levels in the presence of the technology gap and the spillover effect. This paper fills the gap in the literature by studying two competitive supply chains consisting of two manufacturers and two retailers. Under three different subsidy policies, we derive the equilibrium outcomes. We find that, as the technology gap increases, the eco-innovation level of the leader increases, whereas the eco-innovation level of the follower decreases. We further investigate the conditions under which subsidy policy is better from the perspective of eco-innovation levels, firms, and social welfare. Specifically, under the centralized setting, the social welfare is lower with the unit production subsidy than with the green technology investment subsidy when the technology gap is low.
In a supply chain with a supplier and a buyer, this paper studies two typical contracts: a push contract and a pull contract. The supplier suffers from a supply disruption, and the buyer faces uncertain demand. We derive the equilibrium solutions under both contracts. We show that the order quantity and the firms' profits always increase in the supplier's reliability probability. Furthermore, we investigate how the firms' unit capital opportunity costs and the supplier's reliability probability affect the firms' preference of contracts. Finally, we identify the conditions under which the push contract is better than the pull contract for different firms.
Computer network generate a spatial and temporal separation in teaching activities, the new feature of the online teaching also make it possible to improve students' learning efficiency by using of the theory of interactive activities and appropriate teaching strategies. This paper mainly discuss the problems exist in distance teaching system based on the Internet, and design an prototype model for distance teaching which could achieve a unified and efficient management of curriculums, teachers, students and teaching resource according to the specific requirement of school.
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