Tailoring catalysts with atomic level control over active sites and composite structures is of great importance for advanced catalysis. This review focuses on the recent development of area selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) methods in composite catalysts design and synthesis. By adjusting and optimizing the area selective ALD processes, several catalytic structures are developed, including core shell structures, discontinuous overcoating structures, and embedded structures. The detailed synthesis strategies for these designed structures are reviewed, where the related selective approaches are highlighted and analyzed. In addition, the catalytic performance of such structures, including activity, selectivity, and stability, is discussed. Finally, a summary and outlook of area selective ALD for catalysts synthesis and applications is given.

The chemical approaches enabling selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) are gaining growing interest. The selective ALD has unlocked attractive avenues for the development of novel nanostructures and found its versatile applications in emerging fields beyond the semiconductor industry. In this article, the recent developments of inherently selective ALD methods are summarized. Based on precursors’ preferential adsorptions on dangling bonds, interstitials, grain boundaries, etc., single atom deposition, well aligned nanowire growth, and defect passivation can be achieved to minimize the total surface energy. By choosing the precursors with appropriate ligands, activities, steric hindrances, etc., terrace and step edge preferential selectivity can be obtained on the same material. The starting surfaces have remarkable influences on the initial nucleation stage, which are more pronounced between different materials compared to the heterogeneity regions of the same material. Thus, the inherent selectivity can be achieved or enhanced by tuning kinetic parameters including precursor partial pressure, temperature, etc. The intrinsic driving forces, challenges, and perspectives of the inherently selective ALD with accuracy and robustness for nanofabrication are discussed. It is a great expansion of the selective ALD technique for bottom up nanofabrication in various emerging application fields.

There was a significant increasing trend in dental complaint-related ED visits. EDs have become an important site for people with dental problems to seek urgent care, particularly for individuals who self-pay or are on Medicaid.

A facet-selective atomic layer deposition method is developed to fabricate oxide nanofence structure to stabilize Pt nanoparticles. CeO is selectively deposited on Pt nanoparticles' (111) facets and naturally exposes Pt (100) facets. The facet selectivity is realized through different binding energies of Ce precursor fragments chemisorbed on Pt (111) and Pt (100), which is supported by in situ mass gain experiment and corroborated by density functional theory simulations. Such nanofence structure not only has exposed Pt active facets for carbon monoxide oxidation but also forms ceria-metal interfaces that are beneficial for activity enhancement. The composite catalysts show excellent sintering resistance up to 700 °C calcination. CeO anchors Pt nanoparticles with a strong metal oxide interaction, and nanofence structure around Pt nanoparticles provides physical blocking that suppresses particles migration. The study reveals that forming oxide nanofence structure to encapsulate precious metal nanoparticles is an effective way to simultaneously enhance catalytic activity and thermal stability.

Clinical interventions for pre-pregnancy overweight women should focus on appropriate weight gain during pregnancy and motivators for loss of pregnancy-related weight during the postpartum period.

Ensemble learning is to employ multiple individual classifiers and combine their predictions, which could achieve better performance than a single classifier. Considering that different base classifier gives different contribution to the final classification result, this paper assigns greater weights to the classifiers with better performance and proposes a weighted voting approach based on differential evolution. After optimizing the weights of the base classifiers by differential evolution, the proposed method combines the results of each classifier according to the weighted voting combination rule. Experimental results show that the proposed method not only improves the classification accuracy, but also has a strong generalization ability and universality.

No abstract

A selective atomic-layer-deposition method is developed to decorate platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (NPs) with nickel oxides (NiO x ), resulting in greatly improved catalytic performance. During the initial growth stage, NiO x can be selectively deposited on the low coordinated sites of Pt NPs. Selectivity is realized through intrinsic binding energy differences of nickel (Ni) precursor on Pt sites, which has been confirmed by Fourier transform infrared characterizations and density functional theory simulations. The NiO x /Pt/Al 2 O 3 catalysts show enhanced activity toward CO oxidation, which is mainly due to the highly active metal oxide interfaces created. More importantly, the sintering resistance of the composite NiO x /Pt/Al 2 O 3 catalysts has been improved significantly, which can be attributed to the stabilization of volatile atoms at low coordinated sites and the strong metal oxide interaction that anchors Pt NPs. This study reveals that selective passivation is an effective method to simultaneously enhance the catalytic activity and stability.