Objective: The present study was aimed at preparing stable lyophilized curcumin loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). The optimized lyophilized curcumin loaded NLCs were characterized and evaluated for various quality control parameters. Methods: The optimized curcumin loaded NLCs were prepared by modified hot emulsification using precirol ATO 5 (PRE), capmul MCM C8 EP (CAP) as solid and liquid lipids, respectively. The combination of tween 80 (T80) and solutol HS 15 (SHS) were used as an emulsifier. The NLCs dispersion was lyophilized into powder form to improve the thermodynamic stability of the formulation. The lyophilized curcumin loaded NLCs were evaluated for particle size, size distribution, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE), drug loading, assay, in vitro drug release, crystallinity and surface morphology studies. Results: The optimized lyophilized curcumin loaded NLCs have a mean particle size of 286.2±11.5 nm with a size distribution of 0.288±0.011, a zeta potential of 0.247±0.025 mV with high entrapment of 98.20±1.53 % and drug loading of 2.50±0.21 %. The X-ray diffraction and endothermic peaks confirmed the maximum encapsulation of curcumin in lipid matrices. The particles were spherical with smooth surface morphology. In vitro release studies showed sustained release for up to 24 h. The cytotoxicity against human lung cancer line A-549 for curcumin-loaded NLCs was confirmed with positive control adriamycin (ADR). Conclusion: Curcumin-loaded NLCs prepared had a nanosize particle distribution with maximum entrapment efficiency. Dispersion stability was increased by the lyophilisation process. The solid lyophilized powder is reconstituted for oral delivery.
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have garnered a lot of attention and interest from academia and industry. The proliferation of MOOC platforms has opened up immense opportunities for fulfilling learner needs and improving the education landscape. It is important to understand the drivers of MOOC adoption to ensure its complete utilization. Research on MOOC adoption, acceptance, usage, and continuance has increased over a period of time. With this regard, the purpose of this study was to review and synthesize the research on MOOC adoption using a structured and domain-based approach in order to understand its state-of-the-art literature. Seventy empirical articles indexed in Scopus or Web of Science were identified and reviewed systematically using the Theories, Context, Characteristics, and Methods (TCCM) framework. Systematic mapping of studies was taken place to determine the year-wise publications, journal quality, citations, widely used theories, the context in terms of MOOC platforms and country of research, characteristics in terms of widely used constructs, and hypothesized relationships. The systematic literature review highlights Technology Acceptance Model is the dominant model applied in the MOOC adoption research. Further research on MOOC adoption is seen majorly in Asian economies with a narrow focus on developed economies. Although several review studies have taken place on MOOC, their focus has been on the quality, pedagogical or user perspective. This study is the first effort in synthesizing the state-of-the-art literature on MOOC adoption. Future avenues of research are suggested in terms of Theories, Context, Characteristics, and Methods to further the theoretical and practical knowledge on MOOC adoption.
This study aims to systematically review the place branding literature and comprehensively synthesize the academic research in this domain. Accordingly, this study examines the development of place branding research over time in terms of years of publication, publication outlets, authorship, countries, methods, and theories adopted. Further, based on the literature synthesis, this review proposes a conceptual framework by integrating the antecedents, mediators and consequences reported in the place branding literature. This study also performs a lexicometric analysis to illustrate different themes of place branding research studied over time. Finally, this study identifies under-researched areas in place branding and provides directions to advance this research in terms of theory development, context, characteristics and methodology. Overall, this review contributes to the place branding literature and provides practical implications for destination marketers and policymakers in successfully implementing place branding strategies.
Background: Sealer penetration into dentinal tubules eliminates the pathways for bacterial leakage and entombs intratubular bacteria. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the depth of radicular dentinal tubule penetration of five root canal sealers using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Methods: Fifty freshly extracted single-rooted maxillary anterior teeth were used. After decoronation at the cementoenamel junction, they were prepared to ProTaper size F3. After irrigation with 5 mL smear clear, 5 mL 5% sodium hypochlorite and 5 mL distilled water alternatively, the samples were randomly divided into five groups ( n = 10) and obturated by lateral compaction technique using the test sealers labeled by fluorescent rhodamine B dye (Mayor Diagnostics, Mumbai, India). Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) (Prime Dental Products), EndoREZ (Ultradent), Sealapex (SybronEndo), AH Plus (Dentsply Maillefer), and MTA-Fillapex (Angelus) formed the test groups. Teeth were then positioned in blocks of orthodontic resin. Three horizontal sections of 1-mm representing coronal middle and apical thirds were made and examined with Zeiss (laser scanning microscope [LSM] 780) confocal LSM. Images were analyzed using ZEN 2.1 software. Statistical Analysis: Data were recorded and subjected to statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA test. Results: Maximum penetration depth was demonstrated by AH Plus in the coronal and apical thirds, MTA-Fillapex in the middle thirds, while minimum penetration depth was seen in ZOE in the coronal and middle thirds and Sealapex in the apical thirds. None of the root canal sealers were able to penetrate the complete depth of radicular dentinal tubules. Conclusion: While AH Plus and MTA-Fillapex showed the highest penetration into radicular dentinal tubules, ZOE and Sealapex demonstrated the least penetration.
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