The design of the Korean traditional distiller ‘sojutgori’ was extracted as a digital sketch, and the internal fluid flow in the distillation process was tracked through computer simulation. Based on this, a new design was derived to improve distillation efficiency and its changes were researched. The ethanol particles vaporized inside the distiller were stagnated or their discharge was accelerated according to the magnitude and frequency of vortex. If the center is narrow and the fluid rotates, the vortex decreases or changes to a regular form. To effectively control the vortex, six simple models and two materialized models were designed and the optimal design was derived. When compared with the traditional distiller, the outlet fluid speed of the final design increased by 78% and the residence time dispersion of ethanol particles decreased by 39%. Furthermore, to suppress the temperature spread of fermented wash, a streamlined blade structure that can promote convection current was added. This structure had the effect of reducing the temperature spread of fermented wash by 57%. In addition, a reflux ring structure that can control the recondensed fermented wash caused by heat loss at the inner wall of the distiller was designed and applied. The reflux ring structure minimized the temperature change of the fermented wash and decreased temperature change by 23% compared to the condition without the reflux ring structure.
The antibacterial properties and durability of copper-glazed ceramic tiles were systematically investigated in detail in terms of the hydrophobicity change with glaze thickness. The water contact angle of the standard glaze without copper was 25.2° ± 0.2°, whereas the copper glaze showed hydrophobicity which was dependent on the glaze thickness. A maximum contact angle of 109.6° ± 0.4° was measured from the copper-glazed surface with thickness of 150-200 μm. As the contact angle and hydrophobicity of the copper glaze increased, the antibacterial efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli also increased. An antibacterial efficiency of 99.9% was demonstrated from the copper-glazed sample with the thickness of 150-200 μm. In addition, it was confirmed that 99.9% of the antibacterial efficiency of the copper-glazed ceramic tiles could be maintained for at least 2 years. In ion dissolution measurements of the standard and copper glazes, Ca, Na, Si, and K ions were observed, and Cu ion dissolution was only observed from the copper glaze. These results suggests that the hydrophobicity and strongly negative surface charge, which were contributed from Cu addition into the glaze composition, could block the access of bacteria to the glaze surface, and bacterial killing via Cu ion dissolution occurs.
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