Diseases should be treated well and on time. If they are not treated on time, they can lead to many health problems and these problems may become the cause of death. These problems are becoming worse due to the scarcity of specialists, practitioners and health facilities. In an effort to address such problems, studies made attempts to design and develop expert systems which can provide advice for physicians and patients to facilitate the diagnosis and recommend treatment of patients. This review paper presents a comprehensive study of medical expert systems for diagnosis of various diseases. It provides a brief overview of medical diagnostic expert systems and presents an analysis of already existing studies.
Chronic kidney disease is a life-threatening complication. Primary diagnosis and active control avoid its progression. To increase the life span of a patient, it is necessary to detect such diseases in early stages. In this research paper, design and development of a fuzzy expert system (FES) to identify the current stage of chronic kidney disease is proposed. The proposed fuzzy rule-based expert system is developed with the help of clinical practice guidelines, database, and the knowledge of a team of specialists. It makes use of input variables like nephron functionality, blood sugar, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, age, body mass index (BMI), and smoke. The normality tests are applied on different input parameters. The input variables, i.e., nephron functionality, blood sugar, and BMI have more impact on the chronic kidney disease as shown by the response of surface analysis. The output of the system shows the current stage of patient’s kidney disease. Totally 80 tests were performed on the FES developed in this research work, and the generated output was compared with expected output. It is observed that this system succeeds in 93.75% of the tests. This system supports the doctors in assessment of chronic kidney disease among patients. The detection of chronic kidney disease is a serious clinical problem that comprises imprecision, and the use of fuzzy inference system is suggested to overcome this issue. The proposed FES is implemented in the MATLAB.
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