CEGT is a useful adjuvant psychological therapy for women with early stage breast cancer. Interaction effects between group members and therapists are relevant to outcome. Group-as-a-whole effects are powerful, but the training and experience of the therapist is especially critical to an efficacious outcome.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of psychological morbidity and describe quality of life in women with early‐stage breast cancer. Design: Cross‐sectional descriptive study (3 months after conservative breast surgery or mastectomy) of patients from nine general hospitals in Melbourne, Victoria, October 1994 to March 1997. Participants: 303 women with early‐stage breast cancer entering a randomised trial of adjuvant psychological group therapy; mean age, 46 years (SD, 8). Main outcome measures: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health (DSM)‐IV psychiatric diagnoses generated by the Monash Interview for Liaison Psychiatry; quality‐of‐life data based on the the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality‐of‐life questionnaire (QLQ)‐C30 (core) and QLQ­ BR23 (breast module) instruments. Results: 45% of the women (135/303) had a psychiatric disorder; 42% (127) of the sample had depression or anxiety, or both; there was minor depression in 82 (27.1%), an anxiety disorder in 26 (8.6%), major depression in 29 (9.6%) and a phobic disorder in 21 (6.9%). 20% of women (61) had more than one disorder. On quality‐of‐life measures nearly one‐third of the women felt less attractive and most had lost interest in sexual activity. There was substantial distress about hair loss. Symptoms of lymphoedema were described by 13 women (4.3%). Breast conservation surgery was associated with a better body image (P<0.01). Conclusion: Women recently diagnosed with early‐stage breast cancer have high rates of psychiatric and psychological disturbance. Quality of life is substantially affected. Clinicians should actively explore their patients' psychological adjustment to enable early recognition and treatment of these disorders.

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Service in the 1991 Gulf War is associated with increased risk of psychological disorders and these are related to stressful experiences.

CEGT does not prolong survival in women with early-stage breast cancer.

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Effective intervention is necessary to reduce the considerable psychological morbidity experienced by Korean War veterans. Attention to risk factors and early intervention will be necessary to prevent similar long-term psychological morbidity in veterans of more recent conflicts.

Background. Elevated rates of psychological morbidity and symptomatology have been widely reported in 1991 Gulf War veterans. The present study used brief self-report instruments to compare the psychological health of Australian Gulf War veterans with that of a randomly sampled military comparison group.