IMPORTANCEThe primary data sources used to generate and update work relative value units (RVUs) are surveys of small groups of specialists who are asked to estimate the time and intensity needed to perform surgical procedures. Because these surveys are conducted by specialty societies and rely on subjective data, these sources have been challenged as potentially biased.OBJECTIVE To assess whether objective work measures are associated with a surgical procedure's assigned work RVUs and whether differences exist by surgical specialty.

Between 1996 and 2016, the number of people receiving dialysis in the United States increased by 4.3% annually. 1 Dialysis is expensive, but typical cost analyses focus on Medicare 1,2 and ignore the contributions of commercial insurers. The national dialysis market is controlled by 2 for-profit organizations, one of which-DaVita-operates 37% of the market. 3 Because this company generates revenues almost exclusively from dialysis and itemizes revenues by payer, we are able to assess differences in payments from government and commercial insurers to dialysis clinics through analysis of this company's financial records.

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Introduction: The older population is growing and with this growth, there is a parallel rise in the operations performed on this vulnerable group. The perioperative pain management strategy for older adults is unique and requires a team-based approach for provision of high-quality surgical care. Methods: Literature search was performed using PubMed in addition to review of relevant protocols and guidelines from geriatric, surgical, and anesthesia societies. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses, randomized trials, observational studies, and society guidelines were summarized in this review. Management: The optimal approach to pain management for older adults undergoing surgery involves addressing all phases of perioperative care. Preoperative assessment of patients' cognitive function and presence of chronic pain may impact the pain management plan. Consideration should be also be given to intraoperative strategies to improve pain control and minimize both the dose and side effects from opioids (eg, regional anesthetic techniques). A multimodal postoperative pain management strategy minimizing opioids is crucial to providing adequate pain control while minimizing elderly-specific complications such as postoperative delirium and functional decline. Finally, pain management does not stop after the older adult patient leaves the hospital. Both discharge planning and postoperative clinic follow-up provide important opportunities for collaboration and intervention. Conclusions: An opioid-sparing pain management strategy for older adults can be accomplished with a comprehensive and collaborative interdisciplinary strategy addressing all phases of perioperative care.