The occurrence of organic wastewater compounds (components of "personal care products" and other common household chemicals), pharmaceuticals (human prescription and nonprescription medical drugs), and coliphage (viruses that infect coliform bacteria, and found in high concentrations in municipal wastewater) in onsite wastewater (septic tank effluent) and in a shallow, unconfined, sandy aquifer that serves as the primary source of drinking water for most residents near La Pine, Oregon, was documented. Samples from two types of observation networks provided basic occurrence data for onsite wastewater and downgradient ground water. One observation network was a group of 28 traditional and innovative (advanced treatment) onsite wastewater treatment systems and associated downgradient drainfield monitoring wells, referred to as the "innovative systems network." The drainfield monitoring wells were located adjacent to or under onsite wastewater treatment system drainfield lines. Another observation network, termed the "transect network," consisted of 31 wells distributed among three transects of temporary, stainless-steelscreened, direct-push monitoring wells installed along three plumes of onsite wastewater. The transect network, by virtue of its design, also provided a basis for increased understanding of the transport of analytes in natural systems. Coliphage were frequently detected in onsite wastewater. Coliphage concentrations in onsite wastewater were highly variable, and ranged from less than 1 to 3,000,000 plaque forming units per 100 milliliters. Coliphage were occasionally detected (eight occurrences) at low concentrations in samples from wells located downgradient from onsite wastewater treatment system drainfield lines. However, coliphage concentrations were below method detection limits in replicate or repeat samples collected from the eight sites. The consistent absence of coliphage detections in the replicate or repeat samples is interpreted to indicate that the detections reported for groundwater samples represented low-level field or laboratory contamination, and it would appear that coliphage were effectively 120 μg/L (acetaminophen). In downgradient groundwater samples, sulfamethoxazole (an antibacterial), acetaminophen (an analgesic), and caffeine (a stimulant, and not a medical drug) each were detected once, at concentrations between 0.10 μg/L and 0.18 μg/L-typical of the range of concentrations observed in other studies of wastewater-impacted ground water. In addition to the readily identified pharmaceuticals, two pharmaceuticals-the anticonvulsant drugs primidone and phenobarbitol-were tentatively identified in three groundwater samples from one nest of wells at another transect. Tentative identification of primidone and phenobarbitol occurred during analysis of groundwater samples for organic wastewater compounds; chromatogram peaks not associated with the target organic wastewater compounds were observed and the mass spectra of the unidentified compounds were matched to known mass spectra in ...

This study compared

This contribution is a case history of professional development. It traces philosophical changes that impacted service delivery to communication disordered school-age children. The evolution from "speech therapist" to "communication instructor" has been the result of adopting an educational model vs. a medical (or clinical) model, through integrating communication instruction into the students' natural learning environment, and through collaborating with other educators. Suggestions for instructional activities that are the product of a re-definition of the SLP role are provided.

Socrates said, “The unexamined life is not worth living.” However, if the unexamined life is not worth living, then the unexamined value is not worth holding. To make this argument, perspectives and some tools are offered that may help advisors become better at their jobs. In addition, the suggestions might make all educators into better persons, and of particular interest, demonstrate practical contributions advisors can make to shape a better world.

The skeletal age of each individual bone of the hand-wrist was assessed in serial radiographs of 169 Melbourne children. Seven different methods were used to obtain area skeletal ages from these bone skeletal ages. Methods employing arithmetic means of all the bone skeletal ages, excluding only extreme values, excluding those derived from the carpals or from other selected bones yielded similar means during the age range studied in each sex. There were large, but not significant, differences between the means derived from averages of the skeletal ages of the most and least mature bones and those derived from all the bone skeletal ages. A system of weighting and exclusion of bone skeletal ages led to the recording of area skeletal ages that differed from the others and fluctuated markedly for individuals until ossification had occurred in every carpal bone. The findings suggest that the exclusion of the skeletal ages of the carpal bones or the use of selected skeletal ages could lead to quicker assessments without real changes in means and variability.