Protected area water yield calculation and mapping are of great importance to the conservation planning and resource management. A water yield model based on InVEST was employed to estimate water yield in Periyar Tiger Reserve, a representative in the Southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. The analysis included land use/land cover, average annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, soil depth at various elevation, and plants available water content. The estimated water yield of PTR was 2.33E+09 m3 y-1 with 67% from Periyar river watershed and 33% from Pamba river watershed. A comparison of water-yielding capacity to the forest ecosystems with different vegetations indicates that there is a decreasing trend from evergreen forest, semi-evergreen forest, to grassland-savanna, moist deciduous forest and plantations. It is estimated 37% of evergreen and 24% of semi-evergreen share the major portion of the total water yield, 63.5% of PTR. This study reveals the significance of ecosystem services of the protected area and the importance to conserve and required efficient management.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the dark side of blockchain technology (BCT) adoption in small and mid-size enterprises. The focus of the authors is to decode the intricate relationship among the selected variables missing in the existing literature. Design/methodology/approach A focused group approach is initiated by the authors to identify the barriers. Total interpretive structural modeling, Matrice d'impacts croisés multiplication appliquée á un classment, that is, matrix multiplication applied to classification and decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory are used to analyze the complex relationships among identified barriers. Findings This study finds that implementation of BCT reduces maintenance cost by withdrawing manual effort, as BCT has better capability to quantify the internal status of the system (observability characteristic). The observability characteristic of BCT provides high compatibility to the system. This study also finds that the compatibility of BCT with the organization reduces implementation cost and facilitates project management. The findings of this study recommend analyzing maintenance cost and compatibility of BCT before implementing it. Small and mid-size enterprises can select complex BCT depending on the sophistication level of IT usage and IT project management capabilities. Research limitations/implications This study comes with various limitations, where the model developed by the authors may not be conclusive, as it is based exclusively on expert opinion. The samples collected may not help in validating the model statistically. Though the model has its limitations, it can still be considered as a nascent initiative for further investigation using structural equation modeling. Originality/value The outcomes of the theoretical and managerial contributions of the study can be categorized into three levels. This study can be used both by the industrialists and researchers to understand the barriers and the recovery methods thereafter. Suggestions that serve as future directives are also discussed by the authors.
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