-Introduction. Recent management trends in almond orchards have focused on intensification and highdensity plantings using Prunus rootstock cultivars with different vigor traits. This investigation aims to prospect precocious detection of adequate scion-rootstock combination for almond. Materials and methods. Five almond cultivars ('Tuono', 'Lauranne', 'Soleta', 'Belona' and 'Guara') grafted on three peach and plum based rootstocks of different degrees of vigor ('Garnem', were trained in super high-density planting in an experimental orchard. Tree vigor, tree water status, leaf chlorophyll content and quantum yield of photosynthesis system II (PSII) were monitored over two budding seasons. Results and discussion. 'Garnem' and 'Rootpac-40' were respectively the most and the medium vigorous rootstocks and induced the best tree water status, chlorophyll content and quantum yield of PSII for the tested almond cultivars. Scions grafted on 'Garnem' had the highest values of trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), and almond scions were higher on 'Garnem', intermediate on 'Rootpac-40' and lower on 'Rootpac-20'. Scions grafted on 'Rootpac-20' seemed to be the most dwarf phenotype. Moreover, 'Rootpac-20' performed the lowest values of stem water potential and showed various visual symptoms of chlorosis. Conclusion. Overall, 'Rootpac-40' exhibited a medium capacity to control tree vigor and well adapted to Mediterranean soil conditions. Keywords: Tunisia / almond / Prunus dulcis / genetic resource evaluation / fruit tree vigor / orchard crop management / planting density Résumé -Évaluation éco-physiologique des différentes combinaisons scion-porte-greffe d'amandiers cultivés en conditions méditerranéennes. Introduction. Les tendances récentes de gestion des vergers d'amandiers ont été à l'intensification et aux plantations de forte densité utilisant des cultivars de Prunus de différent type de vigueur comme porte-greffes. Cette étude vise à détecter de façon précoce les meilleures combinaisons scion-porte-greffe chez l'amandier. Matériel et méthodes. Cinq cultivars d'amandier ('Tuono', 'Lauranne', 'Soleta', 'Belona' et 'Guara') greffés sur trois porte-greffes à base de pêcher ou de prunier de différents niveaux de vigueur ('Garnem', 'Rootpac-40' et 'Rootpac-20') ont été implantés dans un verger expérimental de super haute densité. La vigueur des arbres, leur état hydrique, le contenu en chlorophylle des feuilles et le rendement quantique du PSII ont été suivis pendant deux saisons de croissance. Résultats et discussion. 'Garnem' et 'Rootpac-40' ont été respectivement le porte-greffe le plus vigoureux et intermédiaire qui ont induit le meilleur état hydrique de l'arbre, la meilleure teneur en chlorophylle et le meilleur rendement quantique du PSII pour des cultivars d'amandier testés. Les scions greffés sur 'Garnem' avaient les plus hautes valeurs de section transversale du tronc (STT), et la croissance des scions d'amandier a été plus élevée sur 'Garnem', intermédiaire sur 'Rootpac-40' et faible sur 'Rootpac-20'. Les ...
The agronomic performance and fruit quality traits were evaluated for ten Prunus rootstocks: Garnem, PADAC 150, PADAC 04-03, PADAC 04-01, Rootpac® 70, PM 105 AD, AGAF 0301-04, Krymsk® 1, Krymsk® 86 and PAC 847. These rootstocks were budded with 'Subirana' flat peach cultivar in September 2007 and planted in two adjacent plots in northern Tunisia (36°41'N, 10°15'E) on a heavy and calcareous soil typical of the Mediterranean area. Tree mortality, vegetative growth, rate of bud failure and fruit quality were assessed. Significant differences were found among rootstocks for the agronomic and fruit quality traits. Growing conditions generated varying levels of tree mortality, the highest with Krymsk® 1 rootstock. In contrast, all trees on PADAC 04-03 and PADAC 04-01 survived well. The lowest vigor was induced by Krymsk® 1 with a reduction of 90% in trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and canopy volume as compared to Garnem. PADAC 150 also expressed a low vigor. The highest canopy volume was found on Rootpac® 70 as similarly for Garnem. The remaining rootstocks induced a medium vigor level. Trees on vigorous rootstocks as Rootpac® 70 showed the lowest rate of bud failure, while dwarfing rootstocks induced the highest buds abscission. Yield was higher for AGAF 0301-04 in 2011 and 2012 as compared to the rest of rootstocks. The highest yield efficiency was recorded on PM 105 AD and AGAF 0301-04 rootstocks. Rootpac® 70 presented the highest fruit weight and fruit diameter. The highest level of soluble solids content (SSC) was recorded on Krymsk® 1, and the lowest on Garnem, although differences were not significant when compared to the other rootstocks. The less vigorous rootstocks seem to induce a better fruit quality of peach based on fruit sugar content. This study provides information that new Prunus rootstocks for peach can lead to a better agronomic performance than Garnem, mainly in vigor and in productive parameters. The peach-plum hybrid PADAC 04-03 induced good yield, with large fruit size and acceptable efficiency with significant smaller trees than Garnem.
Recent trends in peach orchards have focused on intensification and high density plantings using different Prunus rootstock genotypes with different vigor traits. This investigation aims to study the physiological behavior of different Prunus rootstocks in order to identify the most suitable rootstock under warm Mediterranean conditions. Field agronomic performance and foliar nutrient content of the flat peach cultivar 'Subirana' grafted on ten different Prunus rootstocks were studied on a heavytextured and calcareous soil typical of the Mediterranean area during three successive years. Ten rootstocks: 'Garnem', 'PADAC 150', 'ADAGAF 04-03', 'PADAC 04-01', 'Rootpac® 70', 'PM 105 AD', 'AGAF 0301-04', 'Krymsk® 1', 'Krymsk® 86' and 'PAC 847', were considered. During the three monitoring years, vegetative growth, chlorophyll SPAD index, and leaf mineral status were determined.For mineral analysis, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B were considered and the deviation from the optimum percentage (DOP) index was estimated for the diagnosis of the nutritional status of peach trees. Leaf chlorophyll content varied depending on the rootstock. 'PADAC 04-01' and 'ADAGAF 04-03' showed higher chlorophyll index. The lowest SPAD values were observed for the most dwarfing rootstock 'Krymsk® 1', which showed visual chlorosis symptoms, and lower leaf mineral contents compared to the other rootstocks, probably due to the bad adaptation to the heavy soil and warm conditions. Peach trees on Prunus rootstocks showed differences in leaf macronutrient and micronutrient content. Most of macronutrients ranged between deficient and optimum levels. All tested rootstocks induced a deficient N content and some of them also showed P and K deficiency.Better mineral situation was observed for some leaf macro and micronutrients contents, which fitted the optimum levels for Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and B. The DOP index 3 ranged between -260 and -97 for 'Garnem' and 'Rootpac® 70', respectively. The most dwarfing rootstock 'Krymsk® 1' had a DOP value of -139, with less intensity of imbalances than the most invigorating one. 'Rootpac® 70', 'ADAGAF 04-03' and 'PADAC 04-01' had better adaptation under warm Tunisian conditions but high ΣDOP index. The most invigorating 'Garnem' had the highest imbalanced nutritional status, but continues to perform well under warm conditions. Interesting results were obtained with 'Rootpac® 70' showing one of the best balanced nutritional values (average ΣDOP index). However, the most dwarfing rootstock 'Krymsk® 1' presented the worst adaptation to the studied warm Mediterranean conditions, despite its low DOP value.
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