BackgroundCharacterisation of colorectal cancer (CRC) genomes by next-generation sequencing has led to the discovery of novel recurrently mutated genes. Nevertheless, genomic data has not yet been used for CRC prognostication.ObjectiveTo identify recurrent somatic mutations with prognostic significance in patients with CRC.MethodExome sequencing was performed to identify somatic mutations in tumour tissues of 22 patients with CRC, followed by validation of 187 recurrent and pathway-related genes using targeted capture sequencing in additional 160 cases.ResultsSeven significantly mutated genes, including four reported (APC, TP53, KRAS and SMAD4) and three novel recurrently mutated genes (CDH10, FAT4 and DOCK2), exhibited high mutation prevalence (6–14% for novel cancer genes) and higher-than-expected number of non-silent mutations in our CRC cohort. For prognostication, a five-gene-signature (CDH10, COL6A3, SMAD4, TMEM132D, VCAN) was devised, in which mutation(s) in one or more of these genes was significantly associated with better overall survival independent of tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging. The median survival time was 80.4 months in the mutant group versus 42.4 months in the wild type group (p=0.0051). The prognostic significance of this signature was successfully verified using the data set from the Cancer Genome Atlas study.ConclusionsThe application of next-generation sequencing has led to the identification of three novel significantly mutated genes in CRC and a mutation signature that predicts survival outcomes for stratifying patients with CRC independent of TNM staging.
external action, two triboelectric layers with opposite triboelectric charges periodically contact and separate from each other, which changes the induced potential difference between the two electrodes to drive an alternating current fl owing between the electrodes. For the previous TENGs, the two triboelectric layers are bonded to different objects, one of which needs to move working as the mechanical energy source. On the surface of the two triboelectric layers each is attached to a metal electrode and a conducting wire. Due to intertwinement of the wires in the moving process, such a device confi guration largely limits the multifunctionality and applicability of TENGs for harvesting energy. In addition, the interface between the metal electrodes and moving polymers are usually rough to increase friction charge density, which limits the operating life of the generators. Very recently, the freestanding-triboelectric-layer based nanogenerator without an attached electrode has been developed to solve these problems. [ 25,26 ] In reference to the planar TENGs, the previous devices could only harvest the kinetic energy along one direction, horizontally or vertically [ 23,27 ] or rotarily. [ 28,29 ] It is necessary that the structure of the TENGs' electrodes be improved so that they can harvest energy from all directions with advantages of being fl exible, light weight, durable, cost effective, and portable.Here, we develop a triboelectric generator based on a novel checker-like interdigital electrodes (TEGC) with a sandwiched polyethylene terephthalate (PET) thin fi lm between the sliding panel and electrodes that can harvest translational motion energy in all directions. Because the interdigital electrodes are divided into many regularly aligned pieces on each branch, a casual motion of the polytetrafl uoroethylene (PTFE) squares on the sliding panel in some direction can lead to a separation and contact of charges and thereby generate electricity. As the electrodes for charge transfer are in the same plane, the output electricity from the immovable electrodes is not affected by movement of the sliding panel. Electret PTFE fi lm is used for its high ability of holding charges (charge densities up to 5 × 10 −4 C m −2 with a theoretical lifetime of hundreds of years) and relatively high mechanical behavior. [ 8 ] The working current generating mechanism and performance in different A triboelectric generator based on checker-like interdigital electrodes (TEGC) with a sandwiched polyethylene terephthalate (PET) thin fi lm that can convert translation kinetic energy in all directions to electricity is reported. The design of the sandwiched PET thin fi lm can effectively avoid direct wear between metal electrodes and sliding panel. The mechanism of the TEGC is described in detail. The performance of the TEGC in different sliding directions is studied, indicating a maximum output power density of 1.9 W m −2 and open-circuit voltage of 210 V achieved in the X or Y sliding direction. The TEGC is used to charge a 110 µF co...
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