The exact developmental roadmaps of bamboo leaf epidermis and the regulating genes are largely unknown. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the morphological features of the leaf epidermis of bamboo, Pseudosasa japonica. We also established the developmental roadmaps of the abaxial epidermis along the linearly growing leaf. A variant of P. japonica, P. japonica var. tsutsumiana, with smaller stomata and higher stomata density, was identified. Further analysis revealed that the higher stomata density of the variant was due to the abnormal increase in stomata columns within the single stomata band. This abnormal development of stomata bands was observed as early as the guard mother cell stage in the leaf division zone (DZ). Interestingly, the developmental pattern of the single stomata was similar in P. japonica and the variant. Molecular data showed that PjDLT (Dwarf and Low Tillering) was significantly downregulated in leaves DZ of the variant. Overexpression of PjDLT in Arabidopsis and rice results in smaller plants with lower stomata density, whereas downregulation or mutation of OsDLT results in increased stomata density. Our results highlight the morphological features and developmental schedule of the leaf epidermis of bamboo and provide evidence that DLT plays an important role in regulating stomata in bamboo and rice.
This study aims at searching for characteristic parameters of tree trunks to establish a volume model and dynamic analysis of volume based on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). We collected three phases of data over 5 years from an artificial Liriodendron chinense forest. The upper diameters of the tree stump and tree height data were obtained by using the multi-station scanning method. A novel hierarchical TLS point cloud feature named the height cumulative percentage (Hz%) was designed. The shape of the upper tree trunk extracted by the point cloud was equivalent to that of the analytical tree with inflection points at 25% and 50% of the height, and the dynamic volume change of the model, which was established by hierarchical features, was highly related to the volume change of the actual point cloud extraction. The obtained results reflected the fact that the Hz% value provided by multi-station scanning was closely related to the characteristic stumpage parameters and could be used to invert the dynamic forest structure. The volume model established based on point cloud hierarchical parameters in this study could be used to monitor the dynamic changes of forest volume and to provide a new reference for applying TLS point clouds for the dynamic monitoring of forest resources.
BackgroundThe rapid development of active remote sensing laser scanning technology has led to the accumulation of substantial data on long-term forest changes. Accurate selection of the key parameters from larger amounts of cloud data is a prerequisite for volume estimates of standing trees. This study collected three phases of data over 5 years from Liriodendron chinense plantation forest. A series of the height-related characteristic parameters was extracted from the scanned points of each tree stem, which includes a novel feature of the height cumulative percentage (Hz%) proposed by us. Meanwhile, taking the manually measurements directly from the terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data as the ground truth, the performance of various models combined with the characteristic parameters on the prediction of the wood volume of each tree was evaluated for the purpose of determination of the optimal parameters and prediction models suitable for the tree species of Liriodendron chinense. ResultsThe shape of the upper tree trunk extracted by the point cloud is equivalent to that of the analytical tree with inflection points at 25% and 50% of the height. Among the correlations between the hierarchical features and volumes, the parameters with the highest correlations are H25 and H50. The hierarchical parameters were selected for volume modeling. H25 and diameter at breast height (DBH) were used for all three phases, for which the fitted R2 reached 0.951, 0.957 and 0.901. The modeled dynamic volume change was highly correlated with the actual point cloud-extracted volume change. In the linear relation, the intercept is -0.081, and the slope is 1.14. ConclusionsThe Hz% value provided by multi-station scanning was closely related to the characteristic stumpage parameters and could be used to invert the dynamic forest structure. The volume model based on point cloud hierarchical parameters could be used to monitor the dynamic changes in forest volume and provide an updated reference for applying TLS point clouds for the dynamic monitoring of forest growth information.
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