Wind loading on a transmission tower structure is jointly influenced by the wind field, structural parameters, and the geo-spatial configuration of the transmission line. Considering the multi-parametric effect, this paper aims at developing a limit capacity model for transmission towers under strong winds. To this end, the limit capacity of the tower is expressed via two equivalent means: one is the limit wind speed as a function of the wind angle of attack and the span of transmission line; the other is a limit capacity surface with three fundamental wind load components as the principal axes. An adaptive kriging surrogate modeling is constructed to approximate the function/surface with structural uncertainties considered. The performance of the surrogate model is improved by adding support points and then evaluated by the overall accuracy validation and local error check. A numerical example demonstrating the feasibility of the surrogate modeling for the limit capacity of the transmission tower under winds is presented. Finally, a fragility assessment concerning a practical transmission line and towers subjected to typhoons is accomplished using the established limit capacity model of the tower.
<p>Tall buildings exposed to wind undergo complex interactions, which precludes a functional relationship between wind and ist load effects. Accordingly, wind tunnels have traditionally served as a means of quantifying wind loads. In digital age with burgeoning growth in computational resources and parallel computing advances in computational fluid dynamics, computational simulations are evolving with a promise of becoming versatile, convenient and reliable means of assessing wind load effects. The major challenge to such an initiative has been the wind field around the structures marked by separated flows, which requires high fidelity simulation schemes to capture extreme loads, thus placing a high demand on computational resources. The emerging trend is to use a combination of CFD, stochastic emulation and machine learning approaches to overcome some of these challenges.</p><p>This paper will utilize this digital simulation approach to mitigate motion of tall buildings through shape morphing. It will illustrate a practical example involving shape optimization of buildings. To go beyond static optimization to mitigate wind effects, a brief overview of the fusion of sensing, computations and actuation in a cyberphysical space to autonomously morph structures to adaptively undergo shape changes in response to changes in coming wind conditions will follow.</p>
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