Waterlogging is a severe environmental stress that causes severe crop productivity losses. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) survives waterlogging by producing adventitious roots (ARs) that enhance gas exchange. Little is known about the role of light and sugars in the waterlogging-induced production of ARs. The role of these factors in AR production was therefore studied in cucumber seedlings grown in the absence or presence of waterlogging and different light conditions. The effect of photosynthesis was studied by removing the shoots of the seedlings and replacing them with exogenous applications of sucrose or stachyose. Shoot removal inhibited AR emergence and elongation. However, the exogenous application of sugars fully restored AR emergence and partially restored root elongation. The exogenous application of a synthetic auxin restored AR emergence but not AR elongation. Transcriptome profiling analysis was used to determine the effects of light on gene expression in the hypocotyls under these conditions. The levels of transcripts encoding proteins involved in auxin transport and signalling were higher in the light and following the exogenous application of sucrose and stachyose. These results show that the waterlogging-induced emergence of ARs is regulated by the interaction between sugars and auxin, whereas AR elongation depends only on sugars alone. K E Y W O R D Sadventitious root, auxin, cucumber, photosynthesis, sucrose, waterlogging
BACKGROUND Triazole resistance in the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus has been a growing challenge in clinic treatment with triazole drugs such as itraconazole. The fast evolvement of triazole resistance in A. fumigatus in the ecosystem has drawn great attention, and there has been a possible link between the application of triazole fungicides in agriculture and triazole resistance in A. fumigatus. The change in susceptibility of A. fumigatus exposed to the new chiral triazole fungicide mefentrifluconazole was investigated in this study. RESULTS The results indicated that triazole resistance in A. fumigatus was acquired with exposure to mefentrifluconazole at a level of greater than or equal to 2 mg L−1 in liquid medium and soil (not at 0.4 nor 1 mg L−1). Interestingly, stereoselectivity was found in the acquisition of triazole resistance in A. fumigatus when exposed to mefentrifluconazole. R‐mefentrifluconazole, which is very active on plant pathogens, exhibited stronger possibility in the development of the resistance in A. fumigatus than its antipode. Overexpression of cyp51A, AtrF, AfuMDR1 and AfuMDR4 were associated with the acquired resistance in A. fumigatus with hereditary stability. CONCLUSION The results suggest that triazole resistance in A. fumigatus could be resulted from the selection of mefentrifluconazole at concentrations larger than 2 mg L−1. Mefentrifluconazole should be applied within the dosage recommended by good agricultural practice to avoid the resistance in A. fumigatus in soil. This also may be applicable to other triazole fungicides. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
BACKGROUNDThe insecticide carbosulfan is usually applied as a soil treatment or seed‐coating agent, and so may be absorbed by crops and pose dietary risks. Understanding the uptake, metabolism and translocation of carbosulfan in crops is conducive to its safe application. In this study, we investigated the distribution of carbosulfan and its toxic metabolites in maize plants at both the tissue and subcellular levels, and explored the uptake and translocation mechanism of carbosulfan.RESULTSCarbosulfan was mainly taken up by maize roots via the apoplast pathway, was preferentially distributed in cell walls (51.2%–57.0%) and most (85.0%) accumulated in roots with only weak upward translocation. Carbofuran, the main metabolite of carbosulfan in maize plants, was primarily stored in roots. However, carbofuran could be upwardly translocated to shoots and leaves because of its greater distribution in root‐soluble components (24.4%–28.5%) compared with carbosulfan (9.7%–14.5%). This resulted from its greater solubility compared with its parent compound. The metabolite 3‐hydroxycarbofuran was found in shoots and leaves.CONCLUSIONCarbosulfan could be passively absorbed by maize roots, mainly via the apoplastic pathway, and transformed into carbofuran and 3‐hydroxycarbofuran. Although carbosulfan mostly accumulated in roots, its toxic metabolites carbofuran and 3‐hydroxycarbofuran could be detected in shoots and leaves. This implies that there is a risk in the use of carbosulfan as a soil treatment or seed coating. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
BACKGROUND:The efficacy of a herbicide as soil treatment agent may be largely affected by soil characteristics. Understanding the relationship between herbicide efficacy and soil characteristics can provide decision basis for herbicide application according to local conditions. This study was aimed towards exploring the effect of soil characteristics on herbicidal activity of atrazine as a model herbicide to barnyard grass and thus to find an indicator for the herbicidal activity assessment of a herbicide against weeds.RESULTS: The herbicidal activity of atrazine to barnyard grass varied greatly among the tested soils with the medium inhibition concentration (IC 50 ), based on the amended concentration, ranging from 1.07 to 10.91 mg kg −1 . Uptake of atrazine by barnyard grass was negatively correlated with its adsorption onto soils, whereas it was positively related to the concentration of the herbicide in in situ pore water (C IPW ). Comparable IC 50 values ranging from 1.14 to 1.38 were obtained from C IPW in the tested soils with much smaller variation coefficient compared to those based on the traditional concentration (C soil ) of this herbicide in soils determined by extraction with organic solvents.CONCLUSION: The concentration of atrazine in in situ pore water could be reliable to evaluate its bioavailability and herbicidal activity to barnyard grass. C IPW of a herbicide in soil could be an indicator for guiding the practical application rate.
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