SUMMARY:Intracranial DAVFs are pathologic dural-based shunts and account for 10%-15% of all intracranial arteriovenous malformations. These malformations derive their arterial supply primarily from meningeal vessels, and the venous drainage is either via dural venous sinuses or through the cortical veins. DAVFs have a reported association with dural sinus thrombosis, venous hypertension, previous craniotomy, and trauma, though many lesions are idiopathic. The diagnosis is dependent on a high level of clinical suspicion and high-resolution imaging. Cross-sectional imaging techniques by using CT and MR imaging aid in the diagnosis, but conventional angiography remains the most accurate method for complete characterization and classification of DAVFs. The pattern of venous drainage observed on dynamic vascular imaging determines the type of DAVF and correlates with the severity of symptoms and the risk of hemorrhage.ABBREVIATIONS: CVD ϭ cortical venous drainage; DAVF ϭ dural arteriovenous fistula; DMSO ϭ dimethyl-sulfoxide; FPCT ϭ flat panel detector CT; n-BCA ϭ n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate; NHND ϭ non-hemorrhagic neurologic deficit; SRS ϭ stereotactic radiosurgery; TAE ϭ transarterial embolization; TVE ϭ transvenous embolization
Lemnalia is one of the most widely-distributed marine soft coral in tropical oceans and is known to produce novel terpenoids with a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review provides the first comprehensive overview of terpenoids produced by soft coral Lemnalia since their first discovery in 1974.
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