The low room temperature ionic conductivity (RTσ) of polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based solid-state polymer electrolyte (SPE) severely restricts its application for lithium batteries. Herein, acrylamide (AM) has been introduced into the poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (P-P). The multiple hydrogen bonds of AM expand the original single lithium environmentand Li•••OC), which accelerates the conduction of lithium ions. In addition, the double bond modification of nanosilica (SiO 2 ) not only improves the mechanical properties but also brings a high-speed orderly vehicular transport mechanism. The multiple-lithium-ions environment is rearranged on the surface of the SiO 2 to play a more significant role, making the RTσ of SPE reach 2.6 × 10 −4 S cm −1 , and the Li-ion transfer number reaches 0.84. The results show that the assembled all-solid-state lithium−sulfur battery has a high initial discharge capacity of 707 mAh g −1 at 30 °C when the sulfur loading is 4.3 mg cm −2 , good cycle stability (capacity retention rate of 89% after 100 cycles at 0.1 C), and excellent rate performance. This SPE with high RTσ, stable interface engineering, and broad potential window (5.1 V) is expected to be used in other lithium/lithium-ion batteries that require high-voltage tolerance.
A novel ester-rich copolymer/ionic liquid quasi-solid-state electrolyte (SPE-IL) was designed, and dual Li-ion migration channels (“association–disassociation” with the carbonyl groups and rapid ion exchange with the ionic liquids) were built in it.
The shuttle of the
long-chain lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) is the
main obstacle to the practical application of lithium–sulfur
batteries. Herein, a poly(butyl acrylate/1-ethyl-3-vinylimidazole
bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide)-based quasi-solid-state copolymer
electrolyte poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA-P(BA-co-[EVIm]TFSI) QPE-IL) was prepared for lithium–sulfur batteries.
The butyl acrylate component with abundant ester groups ensures the
strong chemical capture for LiPSs. What is more, the introduction
of ionic liquid ([EVIm]TFSI) can greatly improve the ionic conductivity
and lithium-ion migration rate. More importantly, the dynamic-reversible
adsorption of LiPSs was realized by chemical adsorption of ester-rich
groups and electrostatic repulsion of free-moving negatively charged
ions. As a result, the lithium–sulfur battery assembled by
a reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube film@sulfur (rGOCTF@S) self-supporting
cathode and QPE-IL displayed a high initial discharge capacity of
1179 mA h g–1, good cycling stability (72% capacity
retention after 200 cycles at 0.5 C), and superior rate performance.
This paper aims to propose a modeling framework for subway operation and maintenance system (SOMS), which analyzes the train condition data based on both train sensor network data and basis train maintenance plan. The system is formulated into five function modules, and the research problem is to determine one auxiliary maintains plan, including the time allocation and frequency of maintenance. The case of Guangzhou metro is conducted to illustrate the applicability of SOMS, and the results reveal a number of interesting insights into subway maintenance system, i.e., the worksheet can reduce duplication of redundant maintenance work, the repair cost, and the damage caused by frequent disassembly.
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