HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) was proposed as an automobile air conditioner (MAC) refrigerant worldwide. However, its atmospheric degradation product is the highly soluble and phytotoxic trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), which persists in aquatic environments. We used a global three-dimensional chemical transport model to assess the potential environmental effects resulting from complete future conversion of the refrigerant in all MAC to HFO-1234yf in China, the United States, and Europe. The annual mean atmospheric concentrations of HFO-1234yf were 2.62, 2.20, and 2.73 pptv, and the mean deposition rates of TFA were 0.96, 0.45, and 0.52 kg km yr, in three regions. The regional TFA deposition sources mainly came from emissions within the same region. The annual TFA deposition in the North Pole region was lower than the global average and mainly originated from European emissions. A potential doubling in the future HFO-1234yf emissions in China mainly affected the local TFA depositions. The TFA concentrations in rainwater were strongly affected by the regional precipitation rates. North Africa and the Middle East, regions with scant rainfall, had extremely high TFA concentrations. The rainwater concentrations of TFA during individual rain events can exceed the level considered to be safe, indicating substantial potential regional risks from future HFO-1234yf use.
Large missing daytime HONO sources have been reported by many previous studies around the world. Possible HONO sources include ground heterogeneous conversion, aerosol heterogeneous formation, soil emission, and photochemical production. In this study, a consistent 1D framework based on regional and 3D chemical transport models (CTMs) was used to analyze the unknown daytime HONO sources in 14 cases worldwide. We assume that the source of HONO from aerosols is through NO 2 hydrolysis (not including its oxidation products) and that non-local mixing effect is negligible. Assuming all the missing unknown HONO source is from the ground, it would imply a NO 2 -to-HONO ground heterogeneous conversion exceeding 100% in daytime, which is unphysical. In contrast, a strong R 2 reaching up to 0.92 is found between the unknown HONO sources and the products of aerosol wet surface area and short-wave radiation. Because the largest unknown daytime HONO sources are found in China due to high concentrations of aerosols and NO 2 , we derive an optimized NO 2 uptake coefficient on the basis of these measurements. The 3D CTM simulations suggest that in some regions of central, eastern, and southwestern (e.g. SiChuan province) China, the aerosol HONO source has the greatest effects on ozone (>10 ppbv) and OH (>200%) in winter. In January, the simulated particulate sulfate level over these three regions increases by 6-10 μg m −3 after including the aerosol-HONO source, which helps reduce the previous model underestimation of sulfate production in winter. Additional measurement studies that target the daytime HONO sources will be essential to a better understanding of the mechanisms and resulting effects on atmospheric oxidants.
Abstract. Deep convection possesses markedly distinct properties at different
spatiotemporal scales. We present an original high-resolution (4 km, hourly)
unified data product of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and isolated
deep convection (IDC) in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and
examine their climatological characteristics from 2004 to 2017. The data
product is produced by applying an updated Flexible Object Tracker algorithm
to hourly satellite brightness temperature, radar reflectivity, and
precipitation datasets. Analysis of the data product shows that MCSs are
much larger and longer-lasting than IDC, but IDC occurs about 100 times more
frequently than MCSs, with a mean convective intensity comparable to that of
MCSs. Hence both MCS and IDC are essential contributors to precipitation
east of the Rocky Mountains, although their precipitation shows
significantly different spatiotemporal characteristics. IDC precipitation
concentrates in summer in the Southeast with a peak in the late afternoon,
while MCS precipitation is significant in all seasons, especially for spring
and summer in the Great Plains. The spatial distribution of MCS
precipitation amounts varies by season, while diurnally, MCS precipitation
generally peaks during nighttime except in the Southeast. Potential
uncertainties and limitations of the data product are also discussed. The
data product is useful for investigating the atmospheric environments and
physical processes associated with different types of convective systems;
quantifying the impacts of convection on hydrology, atmospheric chemistry,
and severe weather events; and evaluating and improving the representation
of convective processes in weather and climate models. The data product is
available at https://doi.org/10.25584/1632005 (Li
et al., 2020).
Abstract. We illustrate the nonlinear relationships among anthropogenic NOx
emissions, NO2 tropospheric vertical column densities (TVCDs), and
NO2 surface concentrations using model simulations for July 2011 over
the contiguous United States (CONUS). The variations in NO2 surface
concentrations and TVCDs are generally consistent and reflect anthropogenic NOx emission variations for high anthropogenic NOx
emission regions well. For low anthropogenic NOx emission regions, however,
nonlinearity in the anthropogenic-emission–TVCD relationship due to
emissions from lightning and soils, chemistry, and physical processes makes
it difficult to use satellite observations to infer anthropogenic NOx
emission changes. The analysis is extended to 2003–2017. Similar
variations in NO2 surface measurements and coincident satellite
NO2 TVCDs over urban regions are in sharp contrast to the large
variation differences between surface and satellite observations over rural
regions. We find a continuous decrease in anthropogenic NOx emissions
after 2011 by examining surface and satellite measurements in CONUS urban
regions, but the decreasing rate is lower by 9 %–46 % than the
pre-2011 period.
Abstract. Deep convection possesses markedly distinct properties at different spatiotemporal scales. We present an original high-resolution (4 km, hourly) unified data product of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and isolated deep convection (IDC) in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and examine their climatological characteristics from 2004 to 2017. The data product is produced by applying an updated FLEXTRKR (Flexible Object Tracker) algorithm to hourly satellite brightness temperature, radar reflectivity, and precipitation datasets. Analysis of the data product shows that MCSs are much larger and longer-lasting than IDC, but IDC occurs about 100 times more frequently than MCSs, with a mean convective intensity comparable to that of MCSs. Hence both MCS and IDC are essential contributors to precipitation east of the Rocky Mountains, although their precipitation shows significantly different spatiotemporal characteristics. IDC precipitation concentrates in summer in the Southeast with a peak in the late afternoon, while MCS precipitation is significant in all seasons, especially for spring and summer in the Great Plains. The spatial distribution of MCS precipitation amounts varies by seasons, while diurnally, MCS precipitation generally peaks during nighttime except in the Southeast. Potential uncertainties and limitations of the data product are also discussed. The data product is useful for investigating the atmospheric environments and physical processes associated with different types of convective systems, quantifying the impacts of convection on hydrology, atmospheric chemistry, and severe weather events, and evaluating and improving the representation of convective processes in weather and climate models. The data product is available at https://doi.org/10.25584/1632005 (Li et al., 2020).
Fluorescence spectroscopy is ideally suited to the analysis of oil spills as it allows chemical information of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to be acquired quickly, sensitively and selectively. Unlike infrared spectra which have detailed peak information, many fluorescence spectra have only a few broad peaks. Nine different samples of crude and diesel oils were used for testing point-to-point matching across the spectral range. Five of them were discriminated by point-to-point matching algorithms and the other four very similar samples were not. Principal components analysis (PCA) did successfully discriminate among all similar samples. PCA could also distinguish the extent of weathering of different samples, an important factor in matching environmental spills.
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