The use of stem cells has enabled the successful generation of simple organs. However, anatomically complicated organs such as the kidney have proven more refractory to stem-cell-based regenerative techniques. Given the limits of allogenic organ transplantation, an ultimate therapeutic solution is to establish self-organs from autologous stem cells and transplant them as syngrafts back into donor patients. To this end, we have striven to establish an in vitro organ factory to build up complex organ structures from autologous adult stem cells by using the kidney as a target organ. Cultivation of human mesenchymal stem cells in growing rodent embryos enables their differentiation within a spatially and temporally appropriate developmental milieu, facilitating the first step of nephrogenesis. We show that a combination of whole-embryo culture, followed by organ culture, encourages exogenous human mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate and contribute to functional complex structures of the new kidney.organogenesis ͉ regeneration

Fabry disease, an X-linked systemic vasculopathy, is caused by a deficiency of α-galactosidase A resulting in globotriaosylceramide (Gb 3 ) storage in cells. The pathogenic role of Gb 3 in the disease is not known. Based on previous work, we tested the hypothesis that accumulation of Gb 3 in the vascular endothelium of Fabry disease is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased expression of cell adhesion molecules. Gb 3 loading resulted in increased intracellular ROS production in cultured vascular endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Increased Gb 3 also induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin. Reduction of endogenous Gb 3 by treatment of the cells with an inhibitor of glycosphingolipid synthase or α-galactosidase A led to decreased expression of adhesion molecules. Plasma from Fabry patients significantly increased ROS generation in endothelial cells when compared with plasma from non-Fabry controls. This effect was not influenced by reduction of intracellular Gb 3 . This study provided direct evidence that excess intracellular Gb 3 induces oxidative stress and up-regulates the expression of cellular adhesion molecules in vascular endothelial cells. In addition, other factors in patient's plasma may also contribute to oxidative stress in Fabry vascular endothelial cells.

On the basis of the data derived from China's 2005 1% population sample survey, this paper examines regional and personal factors that shape locations chosen by China's interprovincial skilled migrants. It aims to evaluate the relative weight of employment opportunities, and amenities, and the ownership structure of economy in determining skilled migrants' destination choices, and the extent to which such place-based factors work differently among different types of skilled individuals. The results indicate that China's skilled migration is driven mainly by interregional income differentials and that regional variations in amenities and ownership structure play a less important role in this regard. Furthermore, compared with college diploma holders, bachelor's degree holders are more responsive to wage levels and are less sensitive to the risk of unemployment, whereas those with managerial and professional occupations and those without hukou at the destinations are more sensitive to wages and employment possibilities. In addition, there is little evidence that the effects of amenities differ greatly across life-course groups, but those holding hukou at the destinations are more attracted to places with ample government-provided amenities. The findings suggest that at least in the first half of 2000s, China's skilled people prioritise career prospects over amenity-related issues in their migration decisions and that institutional arrangements continue to affect interregional movements of skilled labour in China.

Most migration analyses focus on inter-regional migration in one particular period. Recently, efforts have also been made to compare migration intensity and patterns across countries. Instead of comparison over space, this paper is concerned with the temporal

Abstract. This paper examines the spatial patterns and determinants of China's interprovincial skilled migration by using data from 2005 one per cent population sample survey. While the coastal region benefits from the influx of skilled labour, the rest of China suffers from severe brain drain. Estimates from zero-inflated negative binomial gravity models indicate that employment opportunities, especially interregional wage differentials, play a dominant role in attracting skilled labour, and that the impact of amenities on skilled migration turns out to be small and less clear. Findings suggest that China's skilled people prioritize their career prospects over the quality of life in the migration decision-making process.JEL classification: J61, O15, R23

Previous analysis and modelling of interregional migration in China have treated migrants as a homogenous group. The flow of skilled migration is the focus of recent research. However, the skilled and less-skilled migrations have not been systematically analysed and compared in terms of their determinants. Previous modelling of interregional migration in China does not take network autocorrelation into consideration. This paper attempts to fill this research gap by modelling skilled and less-skilled migrations in China using the eigenvector spatially filtered method. It is found that both skilled and lessskilled migrants tend to move away from the interior to the coastal region. Results from the eigenvector spatially filtered negative binomial regression model show that, compared with the migration of less-skilled people, the migration of skilled people is less influenced by the friction of distance, the regional unemployment rate, and the concentration of foreign investment but is more affected by the regional wage disparity. With respect to the effect of amenities, climatic amenities exert a strong influence on skilled migration but have positive effect on less-skilled migration at origin and no effect at destination. Quality medical services are influential for the migration of less-skilled people to destinations but no effect on skilled people.

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