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BackgroundSubthreshold depression has a considerable impact on individuals’ subjective well-being and psychosocial functioning and is a predictor of major depressive disorder. Internet-based cognitive behavioural treatments (iCBTs) have been used to reduce the symptoms of subthreshold depression. This meta-analysis aims to systematically review evidence indicating the efficacy of iCBT programs on the improvement of depressive symptoms in this population.MethodsArticles published from January 2005 to July 2016 were searched in the following databases: Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PsycArticles and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Only randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of iCBT programs with control groups for participants with subthreshold depression were selected. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted to examine the efficacy of iCBT interventions.ResultsTenarticles from 8 randomized controlled trials were identified in this systematic review. The results suggested that iCBT programs had a superior efficacy compared to results from a non-active control group at the post-intervention stage (SMD = − 0.28, CI [− 0.42, − 0.14]; I2 = 49 %). However, evidence on the long-term efficacy of iCBT programs is still insufficient and needs further exploration.ConclusionThere has been substantial evidence that iCBT intervention has a superior short-term efficacy compared to the results of control groups, while its long-term efficacy of iCBT for subthreshold depressive symptoms is inconclusive and must be examined in further research.Trial registrationThe protocol of this review has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), Protocol No. CRD42015023390.

As an attractive alternative to the Haber–Bosch process, an electrochemical process for nitrate (NO3 –) reduction to ammonia (NH3) has made great strides in the development of advanced electrocatalysts to suppress the unavoidable H2 evolution reaction (HER) and side production of N2. However, isochronous NH3 separation and recovery from the mother liquor, especially wastewaters, are awfully neglected in state-of-the-art electrochemical systems. Here, we designed electrochemical three-phase interfaces constructed by a CoP cathode and a flat-sheet gas membrane to achieve NO3 – reduction to ammonia and simultaneous NH3 recovery in the form of (NH4)2SO4 from wastewaters. The partial current density for ammonia yield and its recovery rate were 37.3 mA cm–2 and 306 g NH3-N m–2 day–1, respectively, accompanying 100% NO3 – removal and 99.7% NH3 extraction. By favoring the originally unfavored side reaction HER, it served as the driving force for NH3 separation from the wastewater through gas stripping and membrane separation at the three-phase interfaces. Unexpectedly, the timely NH3 separation could also promote the reduction of NO3 – to ammonia due to the release of much more active sites. From these, we envision that the present electrochemical process can be routinely employed as an effective strategy to address energy and environmental issues with NH3 recovery from NO3 – wastewater.

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Retinal stem cells yield all retinal cell types, but their embryonic origin is elusive. Using a Zebrabow-based clonal analysis and in vivo lineage analyses, Tang et al. identify bipotent progenitors as the cell of origin of retinal stem cells.

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Electrochemically upcycling wastewater nitrogen such as nitrate (NO3 –) and nitrite (NO2 –) into an ammonia fertilizer is a promising yet challenging research topic in resource recovery and wastewater treatment. This study presents an electrified membrane made of a CuO@Cu foam and a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane for reducing NO3 – to ammonia (NH3) and upcycling NH3 into (NH4)2SO4, a liquid fertilizer for ready-use. A paired electrolysis process without external acid/base consumption was achieved under a partial current density of 63.8 ± 4.4 mA·cm–2 on the cathodic membrane, which removed 99.9% NO3 – in the feed (150 mM NO3 –) after a 5 h operation with an NH3 recovery rate of 99.5%. A recovery rate and energy consumption of 3100 ± 91 g-(NH4)2SO4·m–2·d–1 and 21.8 ± 3.8 kWh·kg–1-(NH4)2SO4, respectively, almost outcompete the industrial ammonia production cost in the Haber–Bosch process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations unraveled that the in situ electrochemical conversion of Cu2+ into Cu1+ provides highly dynamic active species for NO3 – reduction to NH3. This electrified membrane process was demonstrated to achieve synergistic nitrate decontamination and nutrient recovery with durable catalytic activity and stability.