Routing of photon play a key role in optical communication and quantum networks. Although the quantum routing of signals has been investigated in various systems both in theory and experiment. However, no current theory can route quantum signals between microwave and optical light. Here, we propose an experimentally accessible tunable multi-channel quantum routing proposal using photonphonon translation in a hybrid opto-electromechanical system. It is the first demonstration that the single-photon of optical frequency can be routed into three different output ports by adjusting microwave power. More important, the two output signals can be selected according to microwave power. Meanwhile, we also demonstrate the vacuum and thermal noise will be insignificant for the optical performance of the single-photon router at temperature of the order of 20 mK. Our proposal may have paved a new avenue towards multi-channel router and quantum network. PACS numbers: 42.50.Ex, 03.67.Hk, 41.20.Cv Quantum information science has been developed rapidly due to the substitution of photons as signal carriers rather than the limited electrons [1]. Single photons are suitable candidates as the carrier of quantum information due to the fact that they propagate fast and interact rarely with the environment. Meanwhile, a quantum single-photons router is challenging because the interaction between individual photons is generally very weak. Quantum router or quantum switch plays a key role in optical communication networks and quantum information processing. It is important for controlling the path of the quantum signal with fixed Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, or quantum switch without fixed IP addresses.Designing a quantum router or an optical switch operated at a single photon level enables a selective quantum channel in quantum information and quantum networks [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9], such as in different systems, cavity QED system [10], circuit QED system [3], optomechanical system [4], a pure linear optical system [11,12], ∧-type three-level system [13][14][15]. The essence lying at the core is the realization of the strong coupling between the photons and photons or photons and phonons [17][18][19][20], but these methods require high-pump-laser powers due to the very weak optical nonlinearity. To the best of our knowledge, the quantum router demonstrated in most experiments and theoretical proposals has only one output terminal, except for only a few theoretical method in Ref. [13][14][15][16] and the experiments in Ref. [12]. However, until now, the * Electronic address: changjianqi@gamail.com † Electronic address: mangfeng@wipm.ac.cn ‡ Electronic address: zmzhang@scnu.edu.cn above all of routers are applied only in optical light or only in microwave separately.On the other hand, with the technological advancements in the fields of optical nanocavity and microwave circuit, it is now possible to engineer interactions between optical and microwave using photon-phonon translation. Both microwave and optical light have been sepa...
The pulsation of cavitation bubbles under constraint conditions has complex dynamic characteristics and has been widely applied in various fields, such as liquid pumping, underwater propulsion, and clinical applications. In this study, the dynamic behaviors of a laser-induced bubble in a tube are investigated under different initial conditions. A high-speed optical visualization is carried out in the experiments. The numerical simulation based on the volume-of-fluid method is implemented on the open source code OpenFOAM. From the experimental observation and numerical analysis, an axial jet pointing toward the front end of the tube is generated during bubble shrinkage. According to the type of the axial jet, the collapse patterns are classified into three regimes: one-dimensional, transitional, and three-dimensional. Furthermore, it is also found that the normalized initial energy of the bubble and the length-to-diameter ratio affect the maximum length and the pulsation period of the bubble. Finally, the transition mechanism of the collapse patterns from one dimension to three dimension is obtained through a phase diagram by combining experimental observations with numerical simulation.
In this paper, we report that the far field diffraction pattern of a specimen which is consisting of an array of spherical particles enables the determination of the size and refractive index of each scattering sphere. The far field 2D angular resolved diffraction pattern, of which the diffraction angle reaches tens of degrees, is measured by CCD camera. On one hand, the diffraction pattern distorted obviously at high angles is corrected for curvature. The amplitude and phase images of the specimen are reconstructed by difference map iterative algorithm. The size of each scattering microsphere is calculated according to its pixel numbers and the image resolution. On the other hand, the diffraction pattern without curvature correction is used to reconstruct the amplitude and phase images of the specimen by HIO algorithm. The amplitude and phase images of each sphere are isolated. Then the angular resolved scattering signals of the individual spheres are quantitatively indicated by Fourier transform. Finally, the refractive index of each microsphere is obtained by fitting the experimental results using Mie theory.
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