An appropriate water hammer protective scheme is a significant concern in the operation of water supply projects. According to the special terrain in the water supply project, which forms a siphon breaking structure at the end of the pipeline, three protective schemes were proposed and compared: single vacuum breaking valve (VBV) scheme, VBV and air valve scheme, and VBV and one-way surge tower scheme. Based on the control standards of pipe pressure, three protective schemes were assessed in terms of suppressing the negative pressure caused by a pump trip accident. The results show that the siphon breaking structure with the VBV can achieve good effect protection only in a limited range of pipelines. In the VBV and air valve scheme, the pressure oscillations were obviously caused by repeated inlet and exhaust of the air valves. To avoid supplementing too much gas in the pipe by air valves, which will result in a gas column bridging phenomenon, the VBV and one-way surge tower scheme is proposed and can better meet the requirement of the pressure control standard.
Pipe burst incidents in long-distance gravitational water supply systems (LGWSSs) result in hydraulic characteristic variations and pose significant challenges. This study aims to prevent secondary pipe bursts by addressing the propagation of water hammer waves triggered by primary pipe bursts. Based on an analysis of pipe burst incidents and considering different pipe laying methods, air valve arrangement criteria are developed to mitigate the risk of secondary bursts in LGWSS pipelines. The principal results include a reasonable mathematical analysis model for understanding pipe bursts in buried pipes and the determination of air valve arrangement criteria which considers potentially dangerous pressure variations resulting from primary pipe bursts. This model aims to mitigate the adverse effects of pipe bursts and minimize the likelihood of secondary bursts. Implementing the proposed criteria has important engineering applications, thus improving the reasonable and effective placement of air valves to prevent secondary pipe bursts in LGWSSs. The conclusions derived from this study have significant engineering applications, particularly as these pertain to the optimization of the placement of air valves to enhance the resilience and reliability of LGWSSs. By implementing the proposed air valve arrangement criteria, water supply systems can minimize the potential damage caused by pipe bursts and improve overall operational efficiency.
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