No abstract

Time-dependent thermal interaction is developed in a skin tissue cylinder subjected to the irradiation of a train of short laser pulses. The skin embedded with a small tumor is stratified as three layers: epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous fat with different optical, thermal and physiological properties. The laser beam is focused to the tumor site by an objective lens for thermal therapy. The ultrafast radiation heat transfer of the focused beam is simulated by the transient discrete ordinates method. The transient Pennes bio-heat equation is solved numerically by the finite volume method with alternating direction implicit scheme. Emphasis is placed on the characterization of the focused beam propagation and absorption and the temperature rise in the focal spot. The effects of the focal spot size and location, the laser power, and the bio-heat equation are investigated. Comparisons with collimated irradiation are conducted. The focused beam can penetrate a greater depth and produce higher temperature rise at the target area, and thus reduce the possibility of thermal damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. It is ideal for killing cancerous cells and small tumors.

No abstract

Recently it was shown by experiments that circular dichroism (CD) can be observed in the metamaterials of nonchiral structures when they were subjected to obliquely incident light (E. Plum, et al., Physical Review Letters 102, 113902, 2009). By far, external chirality simulation was only done for a particle array embedded in a homogenous medium (V. Yannopapas, Optics Letters 34, 5, 2009); no attempt has been made on simulating and modelling of circular dichroism in layered metamaterials (e.g., thin film on substrate structure). In this paper, we present the simulation of CD effect in layered external chiral metamaterials using CST software, theoretically investigate this intriguing phenomenon through a frequency domain finite integration technique, and optimize the metamaterial unit cell configurations (size, periodicity and film thickness) to maximize the CD phenomenon in near-infrared spectrum range. We show that the CD effect can be enhanced by five times using an optimized unit cell configuration, which is more than three times higher than the existing maximum theoretical results. The CD generation mechanism was elaborated with the help of induced surface current distributions.

No abstract

Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic assemblies in response to a variety of stressors. We report a new neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) with common features of language problems, intellectual disability, and behavioral issues caused by de novo likely gene-disruptive variants in UBAP2L , which encodes an essential regulator of SG assembly. Ubap2l haploinsufficiency in mouse led to social and cognitive impairments accompanied by disrupted neurogenesis and reduced SG formation during early brain development. On the basis of data from 40,853 individuals with NDDs, we report a nominally significant excess of de novo variants within 29 genes that are not implicated in NDDs, including 3 essential genes ( G3BP1 , G3BP2 , and UBAP2L ) in the core SG interaction network. We validated that NDD-related de novo variants in newly implicated and known NDD genes, such as CAPRIN1 , disrupt the interaction of the core SG network and interfere with SG formation. Together, our findings suggest the common SG pathology in NDDs.

Only the frozen sections accurately matched the high-resolution OCT images because of the processing artifacts in the paraffin sections. In further quantitative studies on experimental CNV, the frozen sections may be more preferable if the thickness of the CNV tissue is to be measured and compared.

Objective To examine the relationship between parent–child attachment and overparenting during emerging adulthood. Background Overparenting, a form of developmentally inappropriate parenting that features parental over‐involvement and autonomy‐constraining behavior, has been found to relate to a variety of negative child outcomes; however, there is currently a great need for research that attempts to explain why parents engage in overparenting. Method Cross‐sectional data were collected from 213 parent–emerging‐adult‐child dyads. Parents completed questionnaires assessing attachment toward their child and overparenting. Emerging‐adult children completed questionnaires assessing attachment toward their parent. Results Multiple regression results showed parents' attachment anxiety with their children positively predicted overparenting, and parents' attachment avoidance negatively predicted overparenting. Additionally, a positive association was observed between children's attachment avoidance with their parents and overparenting. Conclusion Overall, the results show that parents were practicing overparenting largely as a function of their own attachment needs rather than their child's attachment characteristics. Implications The results indicate that those who engage in overparenting may in fact be regulating their own affect as opposed to considering their emerging‐adult child's developmental needs.