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NFTs in the substantia nigra are associated with gait impairment in older persons with and without dementia.

Alterations in the blood brain barrier and brain vasculature may be involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. We sought to determine if vascular remodeling characterized by angiogenic vessels or increased vascular density, occurred in pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease (AD) postmortem human brain tissues. We examined brains of deceased, older catholic clergy from the Religious Order Study, a longitudinal clinical–pathological study of aging and AD. The hippocampus, midfrontal cortex, substantia nigra, globus pallidus and locus ceruleus were examined for integrin αvβ3 immunoreactivity, a marker of angiogenesis, and vascular densities. Activated microglia cell counts were also performed. All areas except the globus pallidus exhibited elevated αvβ3 immunoreactivity in AD cases compared with controls. Only in the hippocampus did the ongoing angiogenesis result in increased vascular density compared with controls. Vascular density was correlated with Aβ load in the hippocampus and αvβ3 reactivity was correlated with neurofibrillary tangles in the midfrontal cortex and in the substantia nigra. These data indicate that ongoing angiogenesis is present in brain regions affected by AD pathology and may be related to tissue injury.

Molybdenum (Mo)-based compounds with properly engineered nanostructures usually possess improved reversible lithium storage capabilities, which offer great promise to boost the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Nevertheless, a lack of efficient and high-yield methods for constructing rational nanostructures has largely restricted the application of these potentially important materials. Herein we demonstrate a metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) mediated strategy to successfully synthesize a series of one-dimensional Mo-based/carbon composites with distinct nanostructures. In this process, starting from well-designed MoO nanorods, the crystal control growth is first proposed that a layer of MOFs is achieved to be controllably grown on surfaces of MoO, forming an obvious core-shell structure, and then the adopted precursor can be in situ transformed into MoO or MoC which are both well confined in conductive porous carbons through direct carbonization at different temperatures, where the MOFs shell serve as both carbon sources and the reactant to react with MoO simultaneously. Benefiting from this design, all optimized products exhibit enhanced electrochemical performances when evaluated as anode materials for LIBs, especially the hollow MoO/C and core-shell MoC/C electrodes, show best reversible capacities up to 810 and 530 mAh g even after 600 cycles at a current density of 1 A g, respectively. So this work may broaden the application of MOFs as a kind of coating materials and elucidates the attractive lithium storage performances of molybdenum-based compounds.

The accuracy of a single diagnostic test for binary outcome can be summarized by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Volume under the surface and hypervolume under the manifold have been proposed as extensions for multiple class diagnosis (Scurfield, 1996, 1998). However, the lack of simple inferential procedures for such measures has limited their practical utility. Part of the difficulty is that calculating such quantities may not be straightforward, even with a single test. The decision rule used to generate the ROC surface requires class probability assessments, which are not provided by the tests. We develop a method based on estimating the probabilities via some procedure, for example, multinomial logistic regression. Bootstrap inferences are proposed to account for variability in estimating the probabilities and perform well in simulations. The ROC measures are compared to the correct classification rate, which depends heavily on class prevalences. An example of tumor classification with microarray data demonstrates that this property may lead to substantially different analyses. The ROC-based analysis yields notable decreases in model complexity over previous analyses.