A phosphorus allotrope that has not been observed so far, ring-shaped phosphorus consisting of alternate P and P structural units, has been assembled inside multi-walled carbon nanotube nanoreactors with inner diameters of 5-8 nm by a chemical vapor transport and reaction of red phosphorus at 500 °C. The ring-shaped nanostructures with surrounding graphene walls are stable under ambient conditions. The nanostructures were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman scattering, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

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PurposeRecently, both practitioners and researchers are beginning to recognize the great potential of social gamification in green information technology (IT) services. This study focuses on the roles of three social gamification affordances (interactivity, cooperation and competition) in gamified green IT services use, from the perspectives of recognition and social overload.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey is conducted to examine the research model using structural equation modeling with users of Ant Forest, which is an example of green IT services in China.FindingsResults indicate that interactivity, cooperation and competition can positively affect recognition, which further positively affects green IT services use; however, interactivity and cooperation can increase social overload, which negatively affects green IT services use.Originality/valueThis study provides new insights into the effects of social gamification affordances in green IT services by investigating the effects of interactivity, cooperation and competition on recognition and social overload. In addition, this study highlights the positive effect of recognition and negative effect of social overload on gamified green IT services use, extending the literature reviews surrounding gamified services use.