In urban areas, bicycles that travel in bicycle lanes encounter a variety of obstructions, including pedestrians and various types of motor vehicles. Earlier studies focused on the frequency of such events. The goal of this study was to characterize the obstructions. Data were collected in the Manhattan and Brooklyn boroughs of New York City to evaluate specific characteristics (e.g., bicycle lane designs, curb regulations, land use) that might influence the frequency of specific conflict types. A method is described for evaluating the frequency of conflicts between bicycles that travel in on-street bicycle lanes and various other transportation modes and for identifying factors that might affect the frequency of such conflicts.
Phillyrin is an effective lignan glycoside extracted from a traditional Chinese medicine Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (Oleaceae). It mainly exists in the roots, stems, leaves and fruits of the plant, with the highest content in the leaves. In terms of its medicinal application, there are a large number of experimental data proving its pharmacological effects in vitro and in animal models, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-tumor, etc. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic experiments have also shown phillyrin’s high effectiveness and low toxicity. Despite more than one thousand studies in the literature on phillyrin retrievable from Web of Science, PubMed, and CNKI, few reviews on its pharmacological activities have been presented conclusively. In this paper, we aimed to summarize the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of phillyrin from the current literature, focusing on its anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, antiviral, antibacterial, hepatoprotective and anti-cancer effects, hoping to come up with new insights for its application as well as future studies.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.