This paper deals with strong structural controllability of linear systems. In contrast to existing work, the structured systems studied in this paper have a so-called zero/nonzero/arbitrary structure, which means that some of the entries are equal to zero, some of the entries are arbitrary but nonzero, and the remaining entries are arbitrary (zero or nonzero). We formalize this in terms of pattern matrices whose entries are either fixed zero, arbitrary nonzero, or arbitrary. We establish necessary and sufficient algebraic conditions for strong structural controllability in terms of full rank tests of certain pattern matrices. We also give a necessary and sufficient graph theoretic condition for the full rank property of a given pattern matrix. This graph theoretic condition makes use of a new color change rule that is introduced in this paper. Based on these two results, we then establish a necessary and sufficient graph theoretic condition for strong structural controllability. Moreover, we relate our results to those that exists in the literature, and explain how our results generalize previous work.
Spores, the dormant life forms of probiotics, can germinate to metabolically active vegetative cells with the disintegration of their hydrophobic protein coat in the intestinal microenvironment, which provides the possibility for the formation of nanoparticles (NPs) in vivo. Inspired by the natural physiological process of spores, herein, an oral autonomous NPs generator is developed to overcome the spatially variable gastrointestinal tract environment and multibiological barriers. Spores modified with deoxycholic acid (DA) and loaded with chemotherapeutic drugs (doxorubicin and sorafenib, DOX/SOR) serve as an autonomous production line of NPs, which can efficaciously protect the drugs passing through the rugged environment of the stomach and furthermore can be transported to the intestinal environment and colonized rapidly. Subsequently, the DOX/SOR/Spore‐DA NPs are produced by the autonomous NPs generator in the intestinal regions based on the disintegrated hydrophobic protein and the hydrophilic DA, and they can efficiently penetrate the epithelial cells via the bile acid pathway, increasing basolateral drug release. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm that this biological nanogenerator can autonomously produce substantial NPs in the intestine, providing a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
This paper deals with strong structural controllability of linear structured systems in which the system matrices are given by zero/nonzero/arbitrary pattern matrices. Instead of assuming that the nonzero and arbitrary entries of the system matrices can take their values completely independently, this paper allows equality constraints on these entries, in the sense that a priori given entries in the system matrices are restricted to take arbitrary but identical values. To formalize this general class of structured systems, we introduce the concepts of colored pattern matrices and colored structured systems. The main contribution of this paper is that it generalizes both the classical results on strong structural controllability of structured systems as well as recent results on controllability of systems defined on colored graphs. In this paper, we will establish both algebraic and graph-theoretic conditions for strong structural controllability of this more general class of structured systems.
Oral drug delivery systems (ODDSs) have attracted considerable attention in relation to orthotopic colon cancer therapy due to certain popular advantages.
A magnetic ionic liquid (abridged as MIL) [C 6 mim] 5 [Dy(SCN) 8 ] was prepared and used as the magnetic lubricant of a steel-steel sliding pair. The tribological properties of the as-prepared MIL were evaluated with a commercially obtained magnetic fluid lubricant (abridged as MF; the mixture of dioctyl sebacate and Fe 3 O 4 , denoted as DIOS-Fe 3 O 4 ) as a control. The lubrication mechanisms of the two types of magnetic lubricants were discussed in relation to worn surface analyses by SEM-EDS, XPS, and profilometry, as well as measurement of the electric contact resistance of the rubbed steel surfaces. The results revealed that the MIL exhibits better friction-reducing and antiwear performances than the as-received MF under varying test temperatures and loads. This is because the MIL participates in tribochemical reactions during the sliding process, and forms a boundary lubrication film composed of Dy 2 O 3 , FeS, FeSO 4 , nitrogen-containing organics, and thioether on the rubbed disk surface, thereby reducing the friction and wear of the frictional pair. However, the MF is unable to form a lubricating film on the surface of the rubbed steel at 25 °C , though it can form a boundary film consisting of Fe 3 O 4 and a small amount of organics under high temperature. Furthermore, the excessive Fe 3 O 4 particulates that accumulate in the sliding zone may lead to enhanced abrasive wear of the sliding pair.
The agitation of BaTiO3via ball milling converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, leading to the reduction of molecular oxygen via a single electron transfer pathway analogous to the photocatalytic reaction.
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