This paper aims to reconsider the purpose of movement and its Last-Resort nature. In conformity with Chomsky (2008) and Jim enez-Fern andez (2020), the apparent optional movement in Spanish is not free at base, but related to the discourse-feature inheritance. However, I depart from the latter by arguing that these discourse features do not work in tandem with the EF in T in order to attract the relevant constituent to [Spec,TP]; rather, movement may be required by the need to preserve the functional relations established through Agree, i.e., probe-goal union (PGU) formulated in Miyagawa (2010). Furthermore, in light of Last Resort, I propose that PGU should be revised in a way that the goal moves into the probe if and only if no other more economical alternative is available to manifest the established functional relations. We shall see that Contrastive Focus and DOM constructions in Spanish empirically evidence the Revised PGU approach, and some self-evident predictions based on it also prove the advantage of the current proposal.
Although linguistic captions are perceived as helpful in developing L2 vocabulary knowledge, the use of social annotations in video learning remains underinvestigated. This study investigated L2 learners’ use of cognitive strategies in learning through multimedia resources in a MOOC context when both caption and social annotations modes were available. Triangulated data were collected from thirteen L2 MOOC learners from Africa, including think-aloud data, post-video interviews, and their notes. Findings suggest that 1) captions and social annotations lead to different cognitive strategies and videos with social annotations are found more engaging, 2) captions facilitate L2 viewers to conduct more bottom-up listening strategies at sentence level, while social annotations facilitate more top-down listening strategies, and 3) social annotations are used not only to enhance and expand the understanding of the video, but also to create a sense of belonging and further motivate viewers to achieve a higher level of engagement.
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