CO2 hydrogenation
to methanol can play an important
role in meeting the sustainability goals of the chemical industry.
In this study, we investigated in detail the role of the Cu–CeO2 interactions for methanol synthesis, emphasizing the role
of the copper surface and interface sites between copper and ceria
for the hydrogenation of CO2 and CO. A combined CO2–N2O titration approach was developed to
quantify the exposed metallic copper sites and ceria oxygen vacancies
in reduced Cu/CeO2 catalysts. Extensive characterization
shows that copper dispersion is strongly enhanced by strong Cu–CeO2 interactions in comparison to Cu/SiO2. CO2 hydrogenation activity data show that the Cu/CeO2 catalysts displayed higher methanol selectivity compared to a reference
Cu/SiO2 catalyst. The improved methanol selectivity stems
from inhibition of the reverse water-gas-shift activity. The role
of CO in CO2-to-methanol conversion was studied by steady-state
and transient cofeeding activity measurements together with (quasi)
in situ characterization (TPH, XPS, SSITKA, and IR spectroscopy).
The Cu–CeO2 interface provides active sites for
the direct hydrogenation of CO to methanol via a formyl intermediate.
Cofeeding of small amounts of CO2 to a CO/H2 mixture poisons these interfacial sites due to the formation of
carbonate-like species. Methanol synthesis proceeds mainly via CO2 hydrogenation in which the metallic Cu surface provides the
active sites.
Glycols are accessible via metal-catalyzed hydrogenolysis of sugar alcohols such as xylitol obtained from hemicellulose. Rubased catalysts are highly active but also catalyze side-reactions such as decarbonylation and deoxygenation. To achieve high selectivity, these reactions need to be suppressed. In our study, we introduce heteroatom doped carbon materials as catalyst supports providing high selectivity. Heteroatom doping with nitrogen and oxygen was achieved by treating activated carbon with HNO 3 , NH 3 and H 2 or carbonization of organic precursors.For all N-doped materials a high glycol selectivity of �80 % for sorbitol and xylitol and 44 % for xylose and glucose was reached. XPS analysis confirms the presence of different nitrogen species at the carbon surface and varying ligand effects for oxygen and nitrogen. Oxygen has an electron withdrawing effect on ruthenium and leads to a decreased activity. Nitrogen has weaker electron withdrawing properties, resulting in an enhanced selectivity.
The kinetics of the
transformation of metallic Fe to the active
Fe carbide phase at the start of the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) reaction
were studied. The diffusion rates of C atoms going in or out of the
lattice were determined using 13C-labeled synthesis gas
in combination with measurements of the transient 12C and 13C contents in the carbide by temperature-programmed hydrogenation.
In the initial 20 min, C diffuses rapidly into the lattice occupying
thermodynamically very stable interstitial sites. The FT reaction
starts already during these early stages of carburization. When reaching
steady state, the diffusion rates of C in and out of the lattice converge
and the FT reaction continues via two parallel reaction
mechanisms. It appears that the two outer layers of the Fe carbide
are involved in hydrocarbon formation via a slow
Mars–Van Krevelen-like reaction contributing to ∼10%
of the total activity, while the remainder of the activity stems from
a fast Langmuir–Hinshelwood reaction occurring over a minor
part of the catalyst surface.
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