Objectives: To describe how intern time is spent, and the frequency of activities performed by interns during emergency department (ED) rotations. Design and setting: Prospective observational study of 42 ED interns from three Melbourne city teaching hospitals during 5 months in 2006. Direct observations were made by a single researcher for 390.8 hours, sampling all days of the week and all hours of the day. Main outcome measures: Proportion of time spent on tasks and number of procedures performed or observed by interns. Results: Direct patient‐related tasks accounted for 86.6% of total intern time, including 43.9% spent on liaising and documentation, 17.5% obtaining patient histories, 9.3% on physical examinations, 5.6% on procedures, 4.8% ordering or interpreting investigations, 3.0% on handover and 4.9% on other clinical activities. Intern time spent on non‐clinical activities included 4.2% on breaks, 3.7% on downtime, 1.7% on education, and 1.3% on teaching others. Adjusted for an 8‐week term, the ED intern would take 253 patient histories, consult more senior ED staff on 683 occasions, perform 237 intravenous cannulations/phlebotomies, 39 arterial punctures, 12 wound repairs and apply 16 plasters. They would perform chest compressions under supervision on seven occasions, observe defibrillation twice and intubation once, but may not see a thoracostomy. Conclusions: The ED exposes interns to a broad range of activities. With the anticipated increase in intern numbers, dilution of the emergency medicine experience may occur, and requirements for supervision may increase. Substitution of ED rotations may deprive interns of a valuable learning experience.
The purpose of this paper was to investigate the conformity of clothing color to wearing scenes. 10 colors were selected as stimuli, and each of them was divided into 9 brightnesses. The conformities of them to different scenes such as Home Scene (HS), Athletic Scene (AS), Office Scene (OS), Social Scene (SS) and Leisure Scene (LS) were evaluated by 129 undergraduate students respectively. The results showed that: (1) there were no significant differences in the use of colors at 5 different wearing scenes; (2) there were significant differences between different hues used in each scene: except purple, primary colors got higher acceptance than secondary colors; blue were popular at different wearing scenes; (3) there were also significant differences in the evaluation among different brightness used in each scene: colors with low brightness used at Office Scene and Social Scene are ideal; colors with high brightness used at Home Scene were easy to be accepted; colors with medium brightness used at Athletic Scene and Leisure Scene were the most popular.
In this paper, Kansei Engineering is introduced into garment design to establish a research platform. The core of Kansei Engineering is to translate abstract semantic demands of garment into detailed design elements. It is suggestive and helpful for designers and customers to understand the quantified relationship between them two. In this study,27 representative stripe-pattern knitted garments and 7 word-pairs were selected as samples and appraisal words. The questionnaires were distributed to 132 college students of Soochow University and then the data results were analyzed by using statistical software SPSS 13.0. From analysis, some conclusions were drawn as follows: Personality and appearance factor were the two main Kansei factors; and the relationships between the design factors of stripe-pattern knitted garment and the customers’ sensory psychology were presented directly through quadrant analysis.
Shoulder adornment, as a colorful flower among traditional Chinese costume, is known for its totem-rich patterns, exquisite embroidery skill and unique decorative application. In this paper, the modeling and structure of the shoulder adornment arts were discussed and explained. The direct, indirect and re-creation application method of artistic representations were applied into the design of cheongsam, sweater and evening dress to create innovative effect. These clothes not only kept the charm of Chinese shoulder adornment, but also represented the characteristics of modern fashion design. Modern women clothes with the characteristics of luxury, graceful and Chinese traditional could be designed on the basis of the combination of unique shoulder adornment styles with modern fashion style, which embodied great artistic value and unique creativity of shoulder adornment in traditional Chinese costume culture and represented the culture implication of the unity of heaven and man.
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