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Crotonianoids A−C (1−3), three unusual tigliane diterpenoids, were isolated from the seeds of Croton tiglium. Compound 1 is a 13,14:13,15-diseco-tigliane featuring a unique spiro [bicyclo[5.3.0]decane-2,5′-2′(3′H,4′H)-furanone] core; 2 is a 13,15-seco-tigliane incorporating a rare peroxide bridge between C-13 and C-15; and 3 is the first example of a phorbol ester with a 10R-configuration. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic, computational, and X-ray diffraction methods. Compounds 1 and 2 markedly inhibited the growth and survival of prostate cancer cell C4−2B at micromolar concentrations and induced cell apoptosis. Mechanistic study revealed that 1 and 2 could suppress androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway by promoting the degradation of AR protein.

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Prenylated coumarins from Toddalia asiatica were established using spectroscopic data, X-ray, and ECD and specific optical rotation calculations.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of the roots of led to the isolation of two new ingenane diterpenoids, euphorkans A (1: ) and B (2: ), together with 16 known analogues (3:  - 18: ). Their structures were determined by combined spectral and chemical methods. All the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Compounds 1:  - 6: and 10:  - 13: exhibited pronounced inhibitory activity with IC values in the range of 2.78 - 10.6 µM, and were more potent than the positive control, quercetin (IC = 15.8 µM). Compounds 1: and 5: were selected for further assays toward the key inflammation mediators TNF- and IL-6, and showed a significant inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. The preliminary mechanistic study revealed that 1: and 5: inhibited NF-B activity, which may exert a role in their anti-inflammatory activity.